| For medical practitioners and the general public - High Blood Pressure Journal Article Catalog. |
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| Vascular resistance and blood pressure stability in high-flow rate hemofiltration (HF) as compared with hemodialysis (HD) Deschodt, G., M. C. Beau, et al. (1979), J Urol Nephrol (Paris) 85(12): 880-3. |
| Vasodilator drugs in the control of high blood pressure after surgical treatment of ischemic heart disease Iwaszkiewicz, A., J. Rychter, et al. (1985), Pol Tyg Lek 40(28): 784-6. |
| Very high blood pressure in acute stroke Britton, M. and A. Carlsson (1990), J Intern Med 228(6): 611-5. Abstract: In a study sample consisting of 388 unselected, consecutive acute stroke patients, 27 with systolic blood pressure greater than or equal to 200 mmHg and diastolic blood pressure greater than or equal to 115 mmHg were compared with the other 361 patients. The patients with high blood pressure were younger (65 vs. 73 years) and much more often had a history of hypertension (78 vs. 42%). Cardiac and vascular hypertensive manifestations were more frequent, particularly when only those patients with a history of hypertension were compared in the two groups. Alcohol abuse was mentioned in a higher proportion of hypertensives in the summaries of their medical records. No definite conclusions could be drawn with regard to the size and location of the brain lesions. Clinical symptoms did not differ between the groups, neither did the proportion of patients who could be discharged from hospital immediately. Mortality was higher in the high blood pressure group (30 vs. 14%, P less than 0.05). Thus the characteristics of patients with very high blood pressure were: younger age, much more frequent and severe previous hypertension. Alcohol abuse might be an important factor. The type, size and location of the brain lesion itself could not be statistically related to the high blood pressure, but very large lesions, particularly haemorrhages, might be associated with a reactive blood pressure response. |
| Very high frequency oscillations in the heart rate and blood pressure of heart transplant patients Toledo, E., I. Pinhas, et al. (2003), Med Biol Eng Comput 41(4): 432-8. Abstract: The authors studied the recently reported very high frequency (VHF) peaks in the heart rate (HR) and blood pressure (BP) power spectra of heart transplant (HT) patients. These VHF peaks appear at frequencies much higher than the respiratory frequency, in addition to the typical low-frequency and high-frequency peaks. Twenty-five recordings obtained from 13 male HT patients (0.5-65 months following surgery) were compared with recordings from 14 normal male subjects. The ECG, continuous BP and respiration were recorded during 45min of supine rest. Eight recordings from HT patients were excluded owing to arrhythmias. Spectral analysis was performed on all other recordings. VHF peaks were found in the spectra of both BP and HR in nine recordings obtained from six HT patients. In some cases, the power in the VHF peaks was markedly higher than that of the high-frequency peak. No VHF peaks were observed in eight recordings obtained from four HT patients or in recording from any of the normal subjects. No correlation was found between the incidence of VHF peaks and time after transplant. It was proved that the VHF peaks were not artifactual, and their significance within the framework of the theory of communication systems is discussed. The presence of those peaks was attributed to vagal denervation. |
| Villain and victim: the kidney and high blood pressure in the nineteenth century Cameron, J. S. (1999), J R Coll Physicians Lond 33(4): 382-94. |
| Vincristine reduces damage of the blood-brain barrier induced by high intravascular pressure Larsson, B., T. Skarby, et al. (1980), Neurosci Lett 17(1-2): 155-9. Abstract: A reversible opening of the structural blood-brain barrier (BBB) was accomplished in rats by rapidly increasing the hydrostatic pressure either through forced intracarotid infusion of autologous blood or i.v. administration of angiotensin, whose effect was exaggerated by previous injection of the vasodilator, papaverine. The extent of barrier damage was evaluated in terms of the extravasation of Evans blue-albumin complex or the brain uptake of circulating 14Cinulin. Pretreatment of the animals with the antimitotic agent, vincristine, significantly reduced the barrier damage. This is interpreted as an effect of vincristine on intracellular microtubule systems, which may be involved in the vesicular transport across the endothelial cells of brain microvessels. |
| Visual diagnosis: a child who has a nosebleed and high blood pressure Herman, A. (2001), Pediatr Rev 22(3): 104-7. |
| Warning--the physician's clinical judgement can be hazardous to your health: withdrawing drugs in patients with high blood pressure Grimm, R. H., Jr. (1997), J Am Board Fam Pract 10(4): 305-7. |
| Weight reduction improves high blood pressure and microalbuminuria in hypertensive patients with obesity Ohashi, H., H. Oda, et al. (2001), Nippon Jinzo Gakkai Shi 43(4): 333-9. Abstract: We investigated the effect of weight reduction on blood pressure, microalbuminuria and renal function in hypertensive patients with obesity for over 12 months. Twenty-five patients with a body mass index (BMI) of over 25 were prescribed low calorie diet (25 kcal/kg). All patients had mild hypertension and microalbuminuria. They were classified into 2 groups after 12 months. Group A consisted of 10 patients who had a weight loss of at least 5%. Group B consisted of 15 patients who did not have any weight loss. The following results were obtained. (1) The percentage of patients with hyperfiltration (GFR; more than 140 ml/min) was 20%. (2) Blood pressure, fasting plasma insulin level, urinary sodium and albumin excretion rate were significantly decreased in Group A. On the other hand, these changes were not observed in Group B. (3) Reduction in mean arterial blood pressure significantly correlated with the fall in body weight. (4) Renal function did not change during the study period in both groups. (5) Urinary albumin excretion rate significantly correlated with weight reduction, decrease in blood pressure and fasting insulin levels. Blood pressure and urinary albumin excretion rate in hypertensive patients with obesity significantly decreased with weight reduction. Probably, weight loss improves insulin resistance and decrease in the plasma insulin level causes a reduction in blood pressure and urinary albumin excretion rate. |
| Weight reduction versus antihypertensive drug therapy in obese men with high blood pressure: effects upon plasma insulin levels and association with changes in blood pressure and serum lipids Fagerberg, B., A. Berglund, et al. (1992), J Hypertens 10(9): 1053-61. Abstract: OBJECTIVES: First, to compare dietary and antihypertensive drug treatment in obese men with mild hypertension with respect to effects upon insulin, glucose, lipid metabolism and blood pressure. Second, to test the hypothesis that in the diet group changes in blood pressure and serum lipid concentration were associated with changes in plasma insulin concentration. DESIGN: A 6-week run-in period followed by random assignment to either diet or drug treatment, lasting for 1 year. Blood pressure measurements were performed blind after 5 and 45 min rest, and during isometric exercise. Plasma insulin and blood glucose concentrations were measured before and after an oral glucose load. SETTING: Outpatient clinic in a city hospital. PATIENTS: Sixty-four men aged 40-69 years with a body mass index > or = 26 kg/m2 and with a diastolic blood pressure of 90-104 mmHg when untreated were recruited (screening after an advertisement in a newspaper). Exclusion criteria were diabetes mellitus, organ damage secondary to hypertension and diseases that may have interfered with compliance and the interpretation of results. Sixty-one patients completed the study. INTERVENTIONS: Dietary treatment was based upon weight reduction and sodium restriction. Drug treatment used a stepped-care approach with atenolol as first choice drug. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Absolute reductions in blood pressure, plasma insulin, blood glucose, serum lipid concentration and the waist:hip circumference ratio. RESULTS: Mean body weight decreased in the diet group and increased in the drug-treatment group. Plasma insulin concentrations, the waist:hip circumference ratio and serum lipid profile improved in the diet group compared with the drug group. Blood pressure control was significantly better in the drug group. In the diet group the changes in mean arterial pressure after 5 min rest and serum triglyceride levels correlated with changes in plasma insulin concentrations independent of changes in body mass index or body weight. CONCLUSIONS: Diet treatment was inferior to drug treatment in controlling hypertension, but superior in lowering plasma insulin concentrations and improving the serum lipid profile. The hypothesis of a relation between changes in blood pressure, serum triglycerides and plasma insulin was supported. |
| Weight reduction with a high protein, low carbohydrate, calorie-restricted diet: effects on blood pressure, glucose and insulin levels Nobels, F., L. van Gaal, et al. (1989), Neth J Med 35(5-6): 295-302. Abstract: A clear relationship exists between obesity and hypertension. In this study, blood pressure was examined in 215 obese patients. Significant positive correlations were demonstrated between the mean arterial pressure (MAP) and age, body weight, body mass index (BMI), fasting and 2 h postprandial glucose and postprandial insulin concentrations. Using a stepwise multiple regression analysis, it was clear that body weight, age and glycaemic parameters were the most important determinants of arterial blood pressure. During a period of 6 months, 113 patients were treated with a high protein, low carbohydrate, calorie-restricted diet. This resulted in a mean weight loss of 17 +/- 7.9 kg and a considerable drop in MAP, and in fasting and postprandial glucose and insulin concentrations. None of the patients who were hypertensive before treatment (n = 17) remained so afterwards. We can conclude that: (1) changes in blood pressure are always accompanied by changes in the same direction of one or more of the parameters of glucose homeostasis, which suggests a common link; (2) The dietary approach to obesity therapy successfully lowers blood pressure and helps to rectify the abnormalities in glucose metabolism. |
| What does the public know about high blood pressure? Levy, R. I. and G. W. Ward (1979), Am Pharm 19(5): 39-41. |
| What is "high normal" blood pressure? Interview by Eckhard Bottcher-Buhler. Kolloch, R. E. (1998), Fortschr Med 116(1-2): 41-4. |
| What is high blood pressure and why is it important? Hill, M. (1982), Pa Nurse 37(5): 7. |
| What needs to be done in high blood pressure research Katz, L. N. (1952), Acta Med Scand Suppl No. 266: 623-4. |
| What's new with kids and high blood pressure? Mosenkis, A. and R. Townsend (2005), J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich) 7(4): 243-4. |
| When does high pressure become a disease? American studies recommend treatment of moderately increased blood pressure--but is increasing the sale of antihypertensive agents the true reason? Werko, L. (2002), Lakartidningen 99(4): 256-60. |
| When your patients ask about salt and high blood pressure Trimmer, E. (1985), Midwife Health Visit Community Nurse 21(11): 394. |
| White coat effect in treated and untreated patients with high office blood pressure. Relationship with pulse wave velocity and left ventricular mass index Silveira, A., A. Mesquita, et al. (2002), Rev Port Cardiol 21(5): 517-30. Abstract: OBJECTIVE: To evaluate in hypertensive patients whether the white coat effect is associated with target-organ damage and whether it is modified by anti-hypertensive therapy. METHODS: In a cross-sectional study we evaluated blood pressure (BP) measured in the office and by 24-h ambulatory blood pressure monitoring (ABPM), carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity (PWV) as an index of aortic stiffness, and left ventricular mass index (LVMI) in 88 subjects (aged 49 +/- 2 years) with white-coat hypertension (WCH, office BP > 140/90, daytime BP < 130/84 mmHg), 31 under antihypertensive therapy, 57 untreated, and in 115 patients with office and ambulatory hypertension (HT, aged 51 +/- 2 years, office BP > 140/90, daytime BP > 135/85), 65 under antihypertensive therapy, 50 untreated. In a longitudinal study in 15 patients with HT and in 11 patients with WCH we evaluated the influence of antihypertensive therapy (> 6 months) on office and ambulatory BP and on PWV. RESULTS: The intensity of the white coat effect (office BP-daytime BP) was greater in WCH than in HT. Taking all subjects, the white coat effect did not correlate with PWV (r = 0.08, ns) or with LVMI (r = 0.01, ns), whereas daytime BP correlated significantly with PWV (r = 0.41, p < 0.01) and with LVMI (r = 0.32, p < 0.05). WCH subjects showed lower PWV and LVMI than HT subjects. Treated and untreated WCH, with similar office and daytime BP, showed similar values of PWV and LVMI. Treated and untreated HT showed similar office BP values but treated HT showed lower daytime BP and PWV values. In the longitudinal study, antihypertensive therapy significantly reduced daytime BP and PWV values in the 15 HTs, whereas in the 11 WCH it did not alter daytime BP or PWV values. CONCLUSIONS: 1. In both WCH and HT (treated and untreated) the intensity of the white coat effect does not reflect either the severity of hypertension measured by target organ damage or the efficacy of antihypertensive treatment. 2. In WCH antihypertensive therapy does not improve either ambulatory BP values or damage to target organs. |
| White coat hypertension: high blood pressure in physician's office, but normal otherwise Enstrom, I. (2004), Lakartidningen 101(45): 3532-3. |
| Whole blood serotonin and plasma tryptophan using high-pressure liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection Marshall, E. F., W. N. Kennedy, et al. (1987), Biochem Med Metab Biol 37(1): 81-6. Abstract: Methods are detailed for whole blood serotonin (5-HT), equivalent to platelet 5-HT, and plasma tryptophan. These assays may be carried out on the same blood sample which need be no more than 1 ml, are rapid, and avoid the difficulties, such as protein precipitation and fluorophor formation, encountered in other methods. The linearity of the methods is extensive and allows for accurate measurement of low concentrations. Data are given for normal humans and for patients receiving psychiatric treatment for depression. |
| Wisconsin high blood pressure control program--involving the physician Handy, G. H., R. Dart, et al. (1979), Wis Med J 78(11): 14-6. |
| WNK1, the kinase mutated in an inherited high-blood-pressure syndrome, is a novel PKB (protein kinase B)/Akt substrate Vitari, A. C., M. Deak, et al. (2004), Biochem J 378(Pt 1): 257-68. Abstract: Recent evidence indicates that mutations in the gene encoding the WNK1 with no K (lysine) protein kinase-1 results in an inherited hypertension syndrome called pseudohypoaldosteronism type II. The mechanisms by which WNK1 is regulated or the substrates it phosphorylates are currently unknown. We noticed that Thr-60 of WNK1, which lies N-terminal to the catalytic domain, is located within a PKB (protein kinase B) phosphorylation consensus sequence. We found that PKB phosphorylated WNK1 efficiently compared with known substrates, and both peptide map and mutational analysis revealed that the major PKB site of phosphorylation was Thr-60. Employing a phosphospecific Thr-60 WNK1 antibody, we demonstrated that IGF1 (insulin-like growth factor) stimulation of HEK-293 cells induced phosphorylation of endogenously expressed WNK1 at Thr-60. Consistent with PKB mediating this phosphorylation, inhibitors of PI 3-kinase (phosphoinositide 3-kinase; wortmannin and LY294002) but not inhibitors of mammalian target of rapamycin (rapamycin) or MEK1 (mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase-1) activation (PD184352), inhibited IGF1-induced phosphorylation of endogenous WNK1 at Thr-60. Moreover, IGF1-induced phosphorylation of endogenous WNK1 did not occur in PDK1-/- ES (embryonic stem) cells, in which PKB is not activated. In contrast, IGF1 still induced normal phosphorylation of WNK1 in PDK1(L155E/L155E) knock-in ES cells in which PKB, but not S6K (p70 ribosomal S6 kinase) or SGK1 (serum- and glucocorticoid-induced protein kinase 1), is activated. Our study provides strong pharmacological and genetic evidence that PKB mediates the phosphorylation of WNK1 at Thr-60 in vivo. We also performed experiments which suggest that the phosphorylation of WNK1 by PKB is not regulating its kinase activity or cellular localization directly. These results provide the first connection between the PI 3-kinase/PKB pathway and WNK1, suggesting a mechanism by which this pathway may influence blood pressure. |
| Working group report on high blood pressure in pregnancy Lenfant, C. (2001), J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich) 3(2): 75-88. Abstract: This report updates the 1990 National High Blood Pressure Education Program Working Group Report on High Blood Pressure in Pregnancy and focuses on classification, pathophysiology, and management of the hypertensive disorders of pregnancy. Using evidence-based medicine and consensus, this report updates contemporary approaches to hypertension control during pregnancy by expanding on recommendations made in the Sixth Report of the Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure (JNC VI). The recommendations to use K5 for determining diastolic pressure and to eliminate edema as a criterion for diagnosing pre-eclampsia are discussed. In addition, the use of blood pressure increases of 30 mm Hg systolic or 15 mm Hg diastolic as a diagnostic criterion has not been recommended, as available evidence shows that women in this group are not likely to suffer increased adverse outcomes. Management considerations are made between chronic hypertension that is present before pregnancy and those occurring as part of the pregnancy-specific condition preeclampsia, as well as management considerations in women with comorbid conditions. A discussion of the pharmacologic treatment of hypertension in pregnancy includes recommendations for specific agents. The use of low-dose aspirin, calcium, or other dietary supplements in the prevention of pre-eclampsia is described, and expanded sections on counseling women for future pregnancies and recommendations for future research are included. Once again we thank Dr. Ray Gifford, Jr., and his committee for volunteering their time to produce this important report. We hope it helps the busy clinician prevent and manage a very important problem. |
| Workup and evaluation of the patient with high blood pressure Propert, D. B. and M. A. Anderson (1980), J S C Med Assoc 76(9 Suppl): 44-53. |
| World Health Day 1978: down with high blood pressure Mahler, H. (1978), Xianggang Hu Li Za Zhi(25): 28. |
| Young men with high blood pressure report few recent life events Theorell, T., J. Svensson, et al. (1986), J Psychosom Res 30(2): 243-9. Abstract: Men who had high, medium and low blood pressure at age 18 (compulsory screening for military service in Stockholm) were examined ten years later at age 28. Interviewers, having had no information regarding past or present blood pressure, interviewed them about life events experienced during the year preceding the examination. Men with high blood pressure at rest reported fewer life events for the past year than other men. Furthermore, high plasma adrenaline levels at rest were associated with few reported life events. |
| Young men with high-normal blood pressure have lower serum adiponectin, smaller LDL size, and higher elevated heart rate than those with optimal blood pressure Kazumi, T., A. Kawaguchi, et al. (2002), Diabetes Care 25(6): 971-6. Abstract: OBJECTIVE: Three measures--heart rate, a global index of the influence of the autonomic nervous system on the heart; circulating concentrations of adiponectin, an adipose-specific protein; and C-reactive protein (CRP), a sensitive marker of inflammation--have been reported to be closely associated with insulin resistance. Patients with borderline hypertension are known to be more insulin resistant and dyslipidemic than those with normal blood pressure (BP). BP can be classified into three categories: optimal, normal, and high-normal. The present study examined whether those with high-normal BP have any of these three conditions as compared with those with optimal BP in young healthy men. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: Anthropometric, blood pressure, heart rate, and blood tests, including tests for adiponectin and CRP, were conducted in 198 male students, ages 18-26 years, who had fasted overnight. Insulin resistance (IR) and insulin secretion (beta-cell levels) were calculated using the homeostasis model assessment (HOMA), and LDL size was measured by PAGE. RESULTS: Compared with the 90 men who had optimal BP, the 46 men with high-normal BP had increased heart rate, BMI, percent body fat, and serum leptin levels. In addition, they had greater serum insulin, HOMA IR, and beta-cell levels, lower adiponectin levels, and comparable CRP levels. Furthermore, the 46 men with high-normal BP had higher serum triglyceride and apolipoprotein (apo) B levels, and smaller LDL size; however, there was no difference in LDL and HDL cholesterol and apoA-I between men with optimal and high-normal BP. After adjusting for BMI, differences were still significant in serum adiponectin, heart rate, and LDL particle size. As BP rose, there was an increase in heart rate (BMI-adjusted least square means were 63, 65, and 70 bpm in men with optimal, normal, and high-normal BP, respectively; P = 0.005), whereas serum adiponectin (7.5, 6.6, and 6.4 mg/l; P = 0.007) and LDL particle size (271, 269, and 269 A; P = 0.008) decreased. CONCLUSIONS: Young men with high-normal BP have a faster heart rate, lower serum adiponectin levels, and smaller LDL size than men with optimal BP, even after adjustment for BMI. These results suggest the necessity of preventing further development of cardiac and metabolic diseases in young people who have high-normal BP. |