| For medical practitioners and the general public - High Blood Pressure Journal Article Catalog. |
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| Sodium restriction lowers high blood pressure through a decreased response of the renin system--direct evidence using saralasin Cappuccio, F. P., N. D. Markandu, et al. (1985), J Hypertens 3(3): 243-7. Abstract: Twenty-nine patients with essential hypertension were studied while on their normal diets, on the 5th day of a high sodium diet (around 350 mmol/day) and on the 5th day of a low sodium diet (10 mmol/day). The fall in mean arterial pressure on changing from the high sodium to the low sodium diet was 9.0 +/- 1.6 mmHg and the rise in the plasma renin activity in the same period was 2.52 +/- 0.41 ng/ml/h, these two variables being significantly correlated (r = -0.45; P less than 0.02). An infusion of saralasin was given on the 5th day of the low sodium diet. A highly significant negative correlation was found between the fall in blood pressure on sodium restriction and the change in blood pressure with saralasin (r = -0.52; P less than 0.005); this correlation was still significant when corrected for the severity of the hypertension (r = -0.41; P = 0.03) while it became non-significant if controlled for plasma renin activity on the low sodium diet (r = -033; NS). These results provide direct evidence that the fall in blood pressure which is seen on reducing sodium intake in many patients with essential hypertension is, at least in part, directly mediated by the reactivity of the renin angiotensin system. |
| Sounding board. High blood pressure: do we really know whom to treat and how? Alderman, M. H. (1977), N Engl J Med 296(13): 753-5. |
| Special examinations in high blood pressure. Delair, G. (1951), Maroc Med 30(312): 517-9. |
| Specific alcoholic beverage and blood pressure in a middle-aged Japanese population: the High-risk and Population Strategy for Occupational Health Promotion (HIPOP-OHP) Study Okamura, T., T. Tanaka, et al. (2004), J Hum Hypertens 18(1): 9-16. Abstract: The purpose of this study was to clarify the effects of popular Japanese alcoholic beverages on blood pressure. We performed a cross-sectional study on 4335 Japanese male workers using baseline data from an intervention study. We defined six groups according to the type of alcoholic beverage that provided two-thirds of the subject's total alcohol consumption: beer, sake (rice wine), shochu (traditional Japanese spirits), whiskey, wine and others. The partial regression coefficients of daily alcohol intake (1 drink=11.5 g of ethanol) to systolic blood pressure (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) were 0.87(P<0.001, standard error (s.e.)=0.09) and 0.77(P<0.001, s.e.=0.06), respectively. A comparison among the types of alcoholic beverages mainly consumed revealed significant differences in SBP and DBP. Both SBP and DBP were highest in the shochu group. However, an analysis of covariance adjusting for total alcohol consumption resulted in the disappearance of these differences. Although after adjustment for total alcohol consumption, the shochu group exhibited a significant positive association with 'high-normal blood pressure or greater' (odds ratio 1.43, 95% confidence interval 1.06-1.95) compared with the beer group, this significant relation disappeared after adjusting for the body mass index (BMI), urinary sodium and potassium excretion. The pressor effect, per se, of popular Japanese alcoholic beverages on blood pressure may not be different among the types of alcoholic beverages after adjusting for other lifestyle factors. |
| Specific aspects of high blood pressure in the elderly Blacher, J. and M. Safar (2002), J Renin Angiotensin Aldosterone Syst 3 Suppl 1: S10-5. |
| Specific changes in the partial pressure of arterial blood carbon dioxide observed during high-frequency jet ventilation in dogs Orima, H., A. Noto, et al. (1989), Nippon Juigaku Zasshi 51(3): 646-8. |
| Spontaneous changes in very high blood pressure after admission to the hospital and their relation to target organ involvement Ambrosio, G. B., R. Pigato, et al. (1982), Cardiology 69(2): 104-9. Abstract: Spontaneous changes in blood pressure (BP) over a week after admission to the hospital were investigated in 127 patients admitted with diastolic BP at or above 120 mm Hg. Average BP decreased from 205/129 at admission to 174/110 on the 8th day. Regression analysis showed highly significant negative slopes which were related to initial levels but not to the presence or type of target organ involvement. After 1 week, 66% of the subjects attained a diastolic BP lower than 120 mm Hg. More remarkably, 36% attained values lower than 105 mm Hg: 33% of these had BP values less than 95 mm Hg. While not ruling out the importance of very high BP readings, it is concluded that they do not necessarily represent any pattern of either fixed or severe hypertension nor imply a need for urgent antihypertensive treatment. |
| Spouse similarities in high blood pressure knowledge: implications for control of high blood pressure Speers, M. A., S. J. Niemcryk, et al. (1990), Am J Prev Med 6(1): 20-7. Abstract: This study describes the general knowledge about high blood pressure of husbands and wives using data from all 1,260 white spouse pairs from the 1982 Connecticut Blood Pressure Survey and examines the relationship between high blood pressure knowledge and control of hypertension. We found the average level of knowledge to be high; about 70% of the items were answered correctly. The correlation between spouses' knowledge about high blood pressure was significantly high (r =.41). Multiple regression analysis was used to control for other variables that might influence the spousal correlation in knowledge. When controlling for education, age, socioeconomic status, and hypertension status of both spouses, the correlation between spouses' knowledge remained significant (r =.24). Respondents' knowledge and spouses' knowledge about high blood pressure were significantly related to high blood pressure control among hypertensive persons, particularly to being aware of hypertension and being in current treatment. |
| Stability of a potential blood substitute, HbXL99 alpha, under high pressure Hirsch, R. E., J. M. Friedman, et al. (1994), Biochem Biophys Res Commun 200(3): 1635-40. Abstract: One important criteria for a plasma circulating hemoglobin blood substitute is resistance to subunit dissociation. For this reason, cross-linked hemoglobins (with low oxygen affinities) are being specifically designed to serve as potential blood substitutes. An example is HbXL99 alpha, cross-linked between the alpha-subunits PNAS (1987) 84:7280. In the study presented here, the effects of up to 2 kilobars of pressure on the intrinsic fluorescence of HbXL99 alpha, HbA, and myoglobin were compared. Hemoglobin solutions were studied between 0.01-0.1g% in potassium phosphate or Hepes buffers, pH 7.4. Results show HbA exhibits a decrease in fluorescence intensity as a function of pressure. In contrast, HbXL99 alpha as well myoglobin (a monomer) show essentially no significant intrinsic fluorescence changes as a function of pressure. These results suggest that HbXL99 alpha is stable as a tetramer up to approximately 2 kilobars of pressure. In addition, high pressure intrinsic fluorescence studies provide a suitable technique for determining the subunit stability of hemoglobins. |
| Stabilization of high blood pressure with tricyclic antidepressants and lithium combinations in hypertensive patients Zachariah, P. K. and A. H. Rosenbaum (1982), Mayo Clin Proc 57(10): 625-8. Abstract: Combinations of tricyclic antidepressant drugs and lithium have been used for certain types of depression. This combination of drugs has a tendency to stabilize or decrease high blood pressure among patients with hypertension, and we have observed such a phenomenon among five patients. In four patients, difficulty was encountered in withdrawing the tricyclic agent because of exacerbation of hypertension. The time required to stabilize blood pressure varied from a few days to a few weeks. Withdrawal of antihypertensive medication was possible after initiation of combination therapy with lithium and tricyclic agents in three patients. A hypothesis for the mechanism of this interesting observation is offered. |
| Standards for accurate measurement of blood pressure: standards of detection, evaluation and management of high blood pressure Grancio, S. D. (1979), Mass Nurse 48(3): 7-8. |
| State of the art in high blood pressure control Smith, W. M. (1980), J S C Med Assoc 76(9 Suppl): 11-5. |
| Statement from the National High Blood Pressure Education Program: prevalence of hypertension Wolz, M., J. Cutler, et al. (2000), Am J Hypertens 13(1 Pt 1): 103-4. |
| Statewide community high blood pressure control programs Chiappini, M., M. A. Henson, et al. (1981), J Med Assoc Ga 70(5): 357-60. |
| Status of high blood pressure control in California: a preliminary report of a statewide survey Leonard, A. R., A. Igra, et al. (1981), Heart Lung 10(2): 255-60. |
| Strategies against high blood pressure in the early morning Kumagai, Y. (2004), Clin Exp Hypertens 26(2): 107-18. Abstract: Acute myocardial infarction and cerebrovascular disease reportedly show peak onset in the early morning, when blood pressure increases. The increase of blood pressure, or morning surge, may result from increased sympathetic activity reactive to arousal. The circadian pattern of vascular events is considered to be related to the morning surge in blood pressure, sympathetic activity, and hypercoagulability. Although there is no direct evidence indicating a causal relationship between the morning surge in blood pressure and vascular complications, it may be postulated that morning blood pressure surge is a factor which affects hypertensive complications. There may be two possible approaches to morning blood pressure surge; the pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic approach. On the basis of pharmacodynamics, drugs with adrenergic alpha-blocking actions are usually selected. From a pharmacokinetic view, it is essential to maintain blood concentration of a drug at the critical early morning period. On this point, use of long acting agents, changes in drug regimen and the development of a chronobiological system has been studied, with many studies reporting successful results in lowering morning blood pressure. Further study whether such kinds of treatments improve long term outcomes in hypertensive patients are desired. |
| Strength training normalizes resting blood pressure in 65- to 73-year-old men and women with high normal blood pressure Martel, G. F., D. E. Hurlbut, et al. (1999), J Am Geriatr Soc 47(10): 1215-21. Abstract: OBJECTIVE: To determine the effects of heavy resistance strength training (ST) on resting blood pressure (BP) in older men and women. DESIGN: Prospective intervention study. SETTING: University of Maryland Exercise Science Laboratory. PARTICIPANTS: Twenty-one sedentary, healthy older men (69 +/- 1 year, n = 11) and women (68 +/- 1 year, n = 10) served as subjects for the study. INTERVENTION: Six months of progressive whole body ST performed 3 days per week using Keiser K-300 air-powered resistance machines. MEASUREMENTS: One-repetition maximum (1 RM) strength was measured for seven different exercises before and after the ST program. Resting BP was measured on six separate occasions before and after ST for each subject. RESULTS: Substantial increases in 1 RM strength were observed for upper body (UB) and lower body (LB) muscle groups for men (UB: 215 vs 265 kg; LB: 694 vs 838 kg; P <.001) and women (UB: 128 vs 154 kg; LB: 441 vs 563 kg; P <.001). The ST program led to reductions in both systolic (131 +/- 2 vs 126 +/- 2 mm Hg, P <.010) and diastolic (79 +/- 2 vs 75 +/- 1 mm Hg, P <.010) BP. Systolic BP was reduced significantly in men (134 +/- 3 vs 127 +/- 2 mm Hg, P <.01) but not in women (128 +/- 3 vs 125 +/- 3 mm Hg, P <.01), whereas diastolic BP was reduced following training in both men (81 +/- 3 vs 77 +/- 1, mm Hg, P =.054) and women (78 +/- 2 vs 74 +/- 2 mm Hg, P =.055). CONCLUSIONS: Six months of heavy resistance ST may reduce resting BP in older persons. According to the latest guidelines from the Joint National Committee for the Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of Hypertension, the changes in resting BP noted in the present study represent a shift from the high normal to the normal category. |
| Strengths and weaknesses of family studies of high blood pressure Watt, G. C. (1994), J Hum Hypertens 8(5): 327-8. Abstract: Just because a study gives a clear answer does not mean that it asked a clear question. In asking why high blood pressure runs in some families but not in others, there is a need for clear study design, with careful definitions and selection of positive and negative family histories and a rigorous search for bias and confounding factors. |
| Stress and high sodium effects on blood pressure and brain catecholamines in spontaneously hypertensive rats Ely, D. L. and J. Weigand (1983), Clin Exp Hypertens A 5(9): 1559-87. Abstract: The following experiments were designed to determine if territorial stress, dietary sodium (Na), or the combination of stress and Na effect the rate of development of hypertension in the spontaneously hypertensive rat (SHR 4-18 wks) and if central catecholamines (C) were altered by these treatments. BP was significantly elevated from 2-8 weeks of stress treatment as compared to SHR controls. Norepinephrine (NE) levels in the nucleus tractus solitarius and amygdala (A), and dopamine (D) levels in the hippocampus and A showed significant elevations in the stressed group. High Na (3%) treatment combined with stress treatment produced an even further BP increase and elevated D levels in the amygdala, and elevated NE levels in the area postrema as compared to control SHR's. Selected brain C variables were able to correctly classify animals into high and low BP groups with 90-100% accuracy. Our data support the concept that there are important stress and Na effects upon brain neurochemistry which influence the development of hypertension in the SHR. |
| Stress, ACTH, salt intake and high blood pressure Denton, D. A., J. P. Coghlan, et al. (1984), Clin Exp Hypertens A 6(1-2): 403-15. Abstract: Epidemiological evidence supports the thesis that high salt intake is involved in the aetiology of hypertension. If sodium intake is not causal, it appears other factors do not cause high blood pressure in unacculturated societies with low sodium intake. In this context, it is potentially important that stress causing ACTH release, as well as other neurohumoral effects, causes increased salt appetite and can impair renal sodium excretion. |
| Strong association of overweight to high blood pressure in a rural community of central Italy: the 'Di.S.Co.' Project Urbinati, G. C., F. Angelico, et al. (1990), Diabetes Res Clin Pract 10 Suppl 1: S205-9. |
| Studies of blood pressure in Tecumseh, Michigan. II. Antecedents in childhood of high blood pressure in young adults Higgins, M. W., J. B. Keller, et al. (1980), Hypertension 2(4 Pt 2): 117-23. |
| Studies of the pulmonary circulation in man at rest; normal variations and the interrelations between increased pulmonary blood flow, elevated pulmonary arterial pressure, and high pulmonary 'capillary" pressures Dexter, L., J. W. Dow, et al. (1950), J Clin Invest 29(5): 602-13. |
| Studies on autonomic blockade. I. Comparison between the effects of tetraethylammonium chloride (TEAC) and high selective spinal anesthesia on blood pressure of normal and toxemic pregnancy Assali, N. S. and H. Prystowsky (1950), J Clin Invest 29(10): 1354-66. |
| Studies on autonomic blockade. II. Observations on the nature of blood pressure fall with high selective spinal anesthesia in pregnant women Assali, N. S. and H. Prystowsky (1950), J Clin Invest 29(10): 1367-75. |
| Studies on homonymous hemianopsia in high blood pressure. Pshenichnova, A. A. (1950), Vestn Oftalmol 29(3): 28-33. |
| Studies on the blood pressure effects of various high doses of angiotensin II in depot form in rats under defined conditions Engler, E., D. Matthias, et al. (1976), Acta Biol Med Ger 35(7): 983-94. Abstract: Daily s.c. injections of 0.02--10.0 mg angiotensin in depot form for 14 days caused in rats, under defined conditions, pronounced dose-dependent effects, with an unusual tolerance to the drug being observed. The behaviour of the systolic and diastolic blood pressure and heart rate allowed to define 4 dose ranges. In the lowest dose range of 0.02 mg angiotensin-II a lasting borderline hypertension with only straight-line changes of diastolic blood pressure and bradycardia were observed. The doses of 0.15--1.25 mg angiotensin-II caused a continual blood pressure rise and led, between day 4 and 6 of the experiment, to a pronounced lasting resistance high-pressure without appreciable changes in heart rate. The strongest resistance high-pressure, which occurred as early as on day 3, with pronounced tachycardia was achieved with a dose of 2.5 mg angiotensin-II. Higher doses produced pronounced tachycardia but no significant effects on blood pressure. The varying dose-dependent effects of depot angiotensin are discussed, and the possibility is pointed out to study by the angiotensin-II hypertension model various mechanisms of a long-time hypertensive dysregulation. |
| Studies on the role of high pressure baroreceptors in vasopressin (ADH) secretion. Effect of occlusion of common carotid and vertebral arteries on blood ADH level (author's transl) Matsuzaki, M. (1977), Nippon Naibunpi Gakkai Zasshi 53(8): 982-9. Abstract: The role of baroreceptors in common carotid and vertebral arteries and arteries in the thoracic cavity in vasopressin secretion was investigated in this study. Effects of bilateral occlusion of common carotid and vertebral arteries on blood ADH level as well as mean arterial pressure were studied in common carotid arterial plexus-denervated dogs, cervically vagotomized dogs and intact dogs. Blood ADH titers were determined by bioassay technic before and 5 minutes after the occlusion of the arteries and were compared with the changes of mean arterial pressure (MAP). The following results were obtained. (1) Blood ADH titers and MAP were elevated by the occlusion of the common carotid arteries in both intact and vagotomized dogs, while they were not significantly affected in denervated dogs. Elevation of blood ADH titers was more pronounced in vagotomized dogs than in intact dogs. (2) Blood ADH titers and MAP were elevated by the occlusion of vertebral arteries in all groups of dogs. However, the elevation of blood ADH titers in denervated dogs was more pronounced than in intact dogs, but less than in vagotomized dogs. (3) The effects of the occlusion of common carotid arteries on blood ADH titers and MPA were more pronounced than those of the occlusion of vertebral arteries. These results may suggest that: a. baroreceptors involved in vasopressin secretion are present in vertebral arteries as well, and that b. the intrathoracic baroreceptors are dominant in controlling vasopressin secretion, while those in common carotid arteries are secondly and those in vertebral arteries thirdly dominant. |
| Studies on the role of the central and peripheral sympathetic nervous system and the renin-aldosterone system on the onset and maintenance of high blood pressure in essential hypertension Shigetomi, S. (1983), Nippon Naibunpi Gakkai Zasshi 59(12): 1829-44. Abstract: These studies were undertaken to clarify the role of the central and peripheral sympathetic nervous system and the renin-aldosterone system on the onset and maintenance of high blood pressure in essential hypertension (EH), and the following examinations were performed: 1) Urinary free norepinephrine and epinephrine excretion (UNEf and UEf), urinary conjugated norepinephrine and epinephrine excretion (UNEconj and UEconj), plasma norepinephrine and epinephrine concentration (PNE and PE), plasma renin activity (PRA) and plasma aldosterone concentration (PAC) were measured in 52 patients with EH, who were divided into two groups (borderline EH: b-EH, and sustained EH: s-EH), and fifteen normals (N). 2) Cardiac index (CI), total peripheral resistance index (TPRI), appearance time, mean transit time and stroke index (SI) were determined by the dye-dilution method in eight patients with b-EH, ten patients with s-EH and ten N. 3) Clonidine was administered orally in a single dose of 150 micrograms to seven patients with s-EH and three patients with b-EH, and PNE, PE and growth hormone (GH) were measured before and after the administration. 4) Isoproterenol was infused intravenously in a dose of 0.02 microgram/kg/min for 30 min to 18 patients with s-EH and six N, then plasma cyclic AMP (c-AMP) and PRA were determined before, during and after the infusion. 5) Methacholine was injected intramuscularly in a dose of 10 mg to seven N, and PNE, PE and PRA were measured before and after the injection. There were no significant differences of PNE, PE, UNEf and UEf among the three groups (b-EH, s-EH and N), but UNEconj in both b-EH and s-EH was higher than in N (b-EH: p less than 0.1, s-EH: p less than 0.05). PRA in s-EH was slightly lower not only in N but also in b-EH. PAC in b-EH and s-EH was slightly lower than in N. The difference of PAC between b-EH and s-EH was not found. CI and SI were higher than in N (p less than 0.05), but TPRI was normal. In s-EH, TPRI was slightly elevated as compared with b-EH (p less than 0.1). In s-EH, clonidine caused a significant lowering of both blood pressure and PNE with a simultaneously marked increment of GH; on the other hand, in b-EH blood pressure and PNE did not change significantly in spite of the distinct rise of GH. After the isoproterenol infusion, PRA and c-AMP increased, and there was a significant correlation between the initial level of PRA and the maximal increment of PRA after the infusion in both s-EH and N.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS) |
| Study of blood pressure of a high altitude community at Spiti (4000 m) Dasgupta, D. J. (1986), Indian Heart J 38(2): 134-7. |
| Study of noise exposure and high blood pressure in shipyard workers Wu, T. N., Y. C. Ko, et al. (1987), Am J Ind Med 12(4): 431-8. Abstract: A cross-sectional and case-reference study of occupational noise exposure and blood pressure was conducted in a shipyard company. There were 158 male workers from the higher noise environment (greater than 85 dBA) and 158 matched workers from a lower noise environment (less than 80 dBA). The workers in the higher noise environment had higher systolic and diastolic blood pressure (p less than.05) after adjusting for confounding factors. Comparison of regression revealed that there is no different increase in blood pressure with age in different environmental noise exposure. Based on 63 matched hypertensive-normotensive pairs from 2,730 shipyard workers, the relative risk of hypertension among workers exposed to an over-85-dBA acoustic environment, compared to those under 80 dBA, was 2.38. It is suggested that there may be a population of noise-exposed workers at increased risk of high blood pressure. |
| Subtle electrocardiographic changes in children with high levels of blood pressure Aristimuno, G. G., T. A. Foster, et al. (1984), Am J Cardiol 54(10): 1272-6. Abstract: One hundred thirty-four children, aged 8 to 17 years, were studied to evaluate differences in left ventricular (LV) voltages with mid-range and high blood pressure (BP) levels. The children were selected from 1,604 children after a series of replicate measurements of BP over a 4-month period. Ninety children were selected from those whose BP persisted at the upper 10% and 44 whose BP remained at the middle range (between the fiftieth and sixtieth percentiles). Factors influencing the electrocardiographic voltage (i.e., triceps skinfold, weight, age, race and sex) were also analyzed. Children in the upper 10% of BP levels showed larger LV voltages R1 + SV1 + RV4 than did those in the middle range. This difference was strongly influenced by larger voltages shown by white children. Males showed larger voltages than females using the same index. Triceps skinfold, age and BP account for 6 to 14% of the electrocardiographic variability in the high BP group. Thus, subtle voltage differences in children with early elevations of BP levels do occur. The larger ventricular voltages on the electrocardiogram may represent an early sign of increased LV mass, as has been noted by echocardiography. |
| Successful modules of community hypertension control programs--examples from the German National High Blood Pressure Programme Hense, H. W. (1996), J Hum Hypertens 10 Suppl 1: S13-6. Abstract: The National Blood Pressure Programme in Germany (NBP) was established in 1985. The NBP is committed to a process of programme development and implementation that incorporates public health relevance, recent research results, and attempts of scientific module evaluation. Among selected examples of successful modules, worksite screenings for hypertension turned out as particularly effective in that they were fairly easy to conduct, well-accepted by the work force, and efficiently reaching the target group of unaware male hypertensives below the age of 50 years. Blood pressure measurement training for nurses is another example of a nationwide successful module where standardized procedures for a valid and reliable detection and diagnosis of hypertension were disseminated. In the course of time, blood pressure self-measurement and ambulatory blood pressure measurement were integrated into these classes. As another example, a telephone service for the public was initiated to respond to the increasing demand for reliable information about diagnosis, prognosis, and therapy of hypertension and related disorders. This service is available to anybody in the country during workdays, and the necessary up-to-date background information is provided by scientists and clinicians of the German Hypertension League. Moreover, regular National Blood Pressure Conferences are held every two to three years which try to present a varied scope of recent relevant developments in the field of cardiovascular disease prevention: they find a marked and pronounced reflection in the printed media and help to distribute the message across the country. |
| Summary of the Fourth Report on the Diagnosis, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure in Children and Adolescents Falkner, B. and S. R. Daniels (2004), Hypertension 44(4): 387-8. |
| Summary of the JNC 7 guidelines for the prevention and treatment of high blood pressure Kolasa, K. M. (2003), J Nutr Educ Behav 35(5): 226-7. |
| Suppression of cerebral, myocardial and renal arteriosclerosis by the calcium antagonist flunarizine in hypertensive rats (Skelton model) without reduction of the high blood pressure Schwabedal, P. E., G. Brugging-Schmitz, et al. (1989), J Hypertens Suppl 7(6): S280-1. |
| Surgical therapy of high blood pressure. Broch, O. J. (1950), Tidsskr Nor Laegeforen 70(8): 261-7; passim. |
| Swiss league against high blood pressure (author's transl) Peters-Haefeli, L. (1976), Ther Umsch 33(5): 360-2. |
| Sympathectomy in treatment of cerebral syndromes of high blood pressure. Grinstein, A. M. and L. S. Soskin (1950), Ter Arkh 22(3): 21-6. |
| Symposium on high blood pressure: mechanisms and management. Introduction Laragh, J. H. (1973), Am J Cardiol 32(4): 497-8. |