| For medical practitioners and the general public - High Blood Pressure Journal Article Catalog. |
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| A nutrition curriculum for families with high blood pressure Farris, R. P., G. C. Frank, et al. (1985), J Sch Health 55(3): 110-2. Abstract: A nutrition curriculum for 48 students age eight-18 years with high blood pressure was implemented in Franklinton, La., as part of A Dietary/Exercise Alteration Program Trial (ADAPT), a model promoting reduced sodium (Na+) and energy intake and increased potassium (K+) intake. A teacher guide listed basic concepts, teacher and student activities, materials, behavioral outcomes, and evaluation for 12 lessons at three age levels. Games were used to present new information and increase student involvement. Taste-tests promoted attitude change regarding acceptable snacks. Decision-making and assertiveness topics facilitated independent food choices and coping with peers. Self-monitoring of intakes encouraged personal responsibility for eating behavior. Results of paired t-tests showed knowledge increased 8.7% in the spring (p less than 0.01), 4.9% in the summer (N.S.), and 7.3% in the fall (p less than 0.0001). No significant differences in increase in posttest scores by age were found. Comparisons of curriculum compliance with medication use and blood pressure change showed no relationship. A multiple regression analysis of sodium-creatinine (Na+/Cr) ratios on class attendance and posttest scores showed that children with the highest test scores had lower Na+/Cr ratios. This program increased information and skills for those motivated to change lifestyle to control obesity and blood pressure. |
| A positive parental history of high blood pressure Samani, N. J. (1998), J Hum Hypertens 12(4): 209-10. |
| A prospective study of high blood pressure and cardiovascular disease in women Fiebach, N. H., P. R. Hebert, et al. (1989), Am J Epidemiol 130(4): 646-54. Abstract: The relation of self-reported high blood pressure to the subsequent development of coronary heart disease and stroke was examined in a cohort of 119,963 women, aged 30-55 years, who were initially free from cardiovascular disease. Participants in the Nurses' Health Study reported high blood pressure and other cardiovascular risk factors on baseline questionnaires mailed in 1976. During six years of follow-up, there were 308 incident cases of coronary heart disease (66 fatal and 242 nonfatal myocardial infarctions) and 175 strokes (50 fatal and 125 nonfatal). Fatal as well as nonfatal coronary heart disease and stroke were all significantly more frequent among the women who had reported high blood pressure. After adjusting simultaneously for age and other risk factors, the relative risks were 3.5 (95% confidence interval (Cl) 2.8-4.5) for total coronary heart disease and 2.6 (95% Cl 1.8-3.5) for total stroke. This association was evident at all levels of relative weight. The results emphasize the importance of high blood pressure as an independent predictor of coronary heart disease and stroke in middle-aged women and suggest that the increased risk occurs in both lean and obese women. |
| A randomised controlled trial to investigate the effect of a high fibre diet on blood pressure and plasma fibrinogen Fehily, A. M., M. L. Burr, et al. (1986), J Epidemiol Community Health 40(4): 334-7. Abstract: Two hundred and one subjects (147 men and 54 women) were randomly allocated to either a high cereal fibre diet or a low cereal fibre diet for four weeks. Each group then followed the alternative diet for a further four weeks. Cereal fibre intakes were 19g/d (31 g/d 21 g/d total fibre) and 6g/d (19g/d total fibre) on the high and low fibre diets respectively (p less than 0.001). Energy, protein, fat, carbohydrate, and alcohol intakes calculated from weighed intake records did not differ between the two diets, although there was a slight difference in body weight, the mean being 0.3 kg heavier at the end of the high fibre period. The high cereal fibre diet had no detectable effect on blood pressure or plasma fibrinogen. |
| A randomized controlled trial of high dose ascorbic acid for reduction of blood pressure, cortisol, and subjective responses to psychological stress Brody, S., R. Preut, et al. (2002), Psychopharmacology (Berl) 159(3): 319-24. Abstract: RATIONALE: Physiological responses to stress are considered disruptive to health. High-dose ascorbic acid has reduced indices of stress in laboratory animals. METHODS: We conducted a randomized double-blind, placebo-controlled 14-day trial of sustained-release ascorbic acid (60 healthy young adults; 3 x1000 mg/day Cetebe) and placebo (60 healthy young adults) for reduction of blood pressure, cortisol, and subjective response to acute psychological stress (Trier Social Stress Test, TSST, consisting of public speaking and mental arithmetic). Six subjects from each group were excluded. RESULTS: Compared to the placebo group, the ascorbic acid group had less systolic blood pressure (an increase of 23 versus 31 mmHg), diastolic blood pressure, and subjective stress responses to the TSST; and also had faster salivary cortisol recovery (but not smaller overall cortisol response). Cortisol response to 1 microg ACTH, and reported side-effects during the trial did not differ between groups. Plasma ascorbic acid level at the end of the trial but not pre-trial was associated with reduced stress reactivity of systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, and subjective stress, and with greater salivary cortisol recovery. CONCLUSIONS: Treatment with high-dose sustained-release ascorbic acid palliates blood pressure, cortisol, and subjective response to acute psychological stress. These effects are not attributable to modification of adrenal responsiveness. |
| A rapid and specific semi-micro method involving high-pressure liquid chromatography for the assay of metronidazole in plasma, saliva, serum, urine and whole blood Kaye, C. M., M. G. Sankey, et al. (1980), Br J Clin Pharmacol 9(5): 528-9. |
| A reaction between captopril (a high blood pressure drug) and gold(I)-thiomalate Isab, A. A. (1987), J Inorg Biochem 30(1): 69-75. Abstract: A reaction of gold(I) thiomalates Au(tm), "Myocrisin" (an antiarthritic drug), with captopril (a high blood pressure drug) was carried out in aqueous solution at pH 7.20 using 13C NMR spectroscopy. Captopril, which exists in the cis (c) and trans (t) isomer forms, binds strongly with gold(I), ejecting thiomalate (Htm) as free ligand into solution. |
| A reference method for the analysis of aldosterone in blood by high-performance liquid chromatography-atmospheric pressure chemical ionization-tandem mass spectrometry Fredline, V. F., P. J. Taylor, et al. (1997), Anal Biochem 252(2): 308-13. Abstract: A high-performance liquid chromatography-atmospheric pressure chemical ionization-tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-APCI-MS/MS) reference method for the quantitation of aldosterone in serum and plasma has been developed. Samples were extracted with dichloromethane/diethyl ether, containing flumethasone as internal standard (IS). Chromatography was performed on a phenyl column using 50 mm ammonium formate (pH 7.1)/methanol (50/50, v/v) as mobile phase. Analysis was in negative-ionization mode by selected reaction monitoring (aldosterone m/z 359.2 --> 331.2; IS m/z 455.0 --> 379.0). The assay was linear over the range 15-500 pg/mL, with limits of detection and quantitation of 10 and 15 pg/mL, respectively. Imprecisions of the assay at 15, 20, 150, and 450 pg/mL were 18.5, 8. 8, 10.6, and 9.5%, respectively. The accuracy of the method ranged from 93.1 to 98.9% with absolute recoveries between 84.0 and 91.3% (aldosterone) and 88.0 and 92.3% (IS). We present a case study of a patient admitted, with suspected primary hyperaldosteronism, on the basis of a high radioimmunoassay (RIA) aldosterone concentration. The results suggest that RIA was unreliable, causing unnecessary patient discomfort and a costly 6-day hospital stay. The specific HPLC-API-MS/MS assay described offers the sensitivity and accuracy required to assess abnormal aldosterone production in hypertensive patients. |
| A review of the Joint National Committee on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure. The Fifth Report, 1993 Alderman, M. H. (1993), Am J Hypertens 6(10): 896-8. Abstract: JNC-V is a comprehensive document that also contains a variety of specific information about drug actions, interactions, and specific indications and contraindications for each class of antihypertensive drugs. In addition, there are recommendations regarding patient evaluation and follow-up. Individual sections deal with blood pressure management in special situations and in different populations. References are included to support the assertions made and to permit further assessment by the reader of some of the evidence that the committee used to reach its conclusions. In sum, the new Joint National Committee Report continues a tradition of bringing to the profession and the public at large the current best judgment regarding practice that is constantly in evolution. It is not the ultimate document, but another step toward a goal that remains the same. That goal is to reduce cardiovascular morbidity and mortality, improve and extend life, and to achieve these objectives in the least intrusive and most efficient way possible. |
| A review of the sixth report of the Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure Schwartz, G. L. and S. G. Sheps (1999), Curr Opin Cardiol 14(2): 161-8. Abstract: Hypertension is a major modifiable risk factor for cardiovascular diseases. After decades of improvement, population surveys demonstrate disturbing downward trends in the rates of awareness, treatment, and control of this disorder in recent years. Over this same time period, there has been a slight increase in the incidence of strokes, and a steady rise in the incidence of end-stage renal disease and the prevalence of congestive heart failure, conditions in which hypertension plays a prominent role. Results of recent studies support the possibility that lifestyle modifications may be effective for prevention of hypertension. Treatment of established hypertension involves lifestyle modifications and drug therapies designed to control blood pressure and reduce overall cardiovascular risk. Both threshold blood pressure levels for initiating drug therapy and goal blood pressure levels with treatment are individually determined based on the presence or absence of additional cardiovascular risk factors and hypertension target organ injury or clinical cardiovascular disease. Recent clinical trials support the value of lower goal blood pressures for patients with diabetes, heart failure, and renal disease. The presence or absence of comorbid conditions often determines specific drug choices. Diuretics and beta-blockers remain the drugs of choice in uncomplicated hypertension. Additional studies confirm the benefits of treating isolated systolic hypertension in the elderly. The Sixth Report of the Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure provides a practical, evidence-based resource to help health care providers meet the public health challenges of preventing and controlling hypertension. |
| A servomechanical system to control high blood pressure using sodium nitroprusside Sideris, D. A., D. G. Katritsis, et al. (1983), Life Support Syst 1(4): 255-6. Abstract: A servomechanical device was used to control the intravenous administration of a sodium nitroprusside solution, without using electrical energy or a pump, the aim being the fast and smooth reduction of high arterial pressure (BP). The device senses BP via an intra-arterial catheter which leads to two containers, to one through a narrow tube (slow system) and to the other through a wide tube (fast system). The two systems integrate the BP with time constants that are the product of the tube resistance to flow and the compliance of the containers. The two systems lead to small bellows that interfere with the legs of a clamp regulating an intravenous nitroprusside drip. The distension of the bellows releases the clamp in proportion to the pressure in the slow system and to the difference in pressure between the fast and the slow systems. A screw-spring could determine the desired slow system pressure below which the flow of the nitroprusside solution was stopped. The whole device was applied 11 times in five anaesthetized dogs under a continuous intravenous metaraminol infusion. The BP was always reduced smoothly within 2 to 24 min to a value near that predetermined by the screw-spring. It is concluded that a purely mechanical system involving integral, proportional and derivative components may achieve fast and smooth reduction of elevated BP to a predetermined level, when using fast-acting hypotensive agents. |
| A simple and effective method to teach patients about high blood pressure and obesity Neyses, L., P. Greminger, et al. (1985), J Hypertens Suppl 3(1): S27-30. Abstract: It is an open question whether information about hypertension and obesity increases compliance with therapy. Nevertheless, patients increasingly demand precise but simple and comprehensive information. A simple slide programme is described which can be demonstrated in any waiting room. The learning effect was assessed in 1083 subjects, of whom 485 had seen the programme completely; 256 subjects served as controls. The percentage of subjects with good or excellent knowledge about hypertension and obesity rose from 22.8% in the controls to 64.2% in the experimental group. Age was the only factor influencing learning, but this was of no great importance in subjects under 70. In particular, social status did not have any significant effect on learning. This programme may be an ideal tool to inform patients about hypertension and obesity and to study the influence of information on compliance with therapy. |
| A social-psychological perspective on successful community control of high blood pressure: a review Kasl, S. V. (1978), J Behav Med 1(4): 347-81. Abstract: This review brings together studies dealing with factors that affect participation in screening, referral, and treatment for high blood pressure (HBP). Community-based screening programs are examined first, in order to describe the changing and the current distribution of hypertensives as "unaware," untreated, treated but uncontrolled, and controlled by treatment. Factors influencing this distribution are examined. Next, data on referral, acceptance of treatment, and staying in treatment are discussed, with a special reference to intervention studies. The review then brings in the broader social science literature on the psychosocial dynamics of health-maintaining and risk-reducing behaviors. The article concludes with an interpretive summary and some suggestions for further action. |
| A study on evaluation of the cardiovascular regulation to tilting by noninvasive method. 2. Influence of high blood pressure on the cardiovascular response to tilting (author's transl) Teraoka, K. (1978), Nippon Ronen Igakkai Zasshi 15(5): 446-53. |
| A three-year study of obesity and its relationship to high blood pressure in adolescents Adeyanju, M., W. H. Creswell, et al. (1987), J Sch Health 57(3): 109-13. Abstract: A sample of 356 matched cases were tracked for three years during high school. Measures taken included self-reported behavior and clinical measures of height, weight, skinfold, blood pressure, and body mass index. Data were analyzed by ethnic group, age, and sex groups. Three year (1981-1982 to 1984-1985) trends for students who were overfat, overweight, and obese revealed: a relatively greater proportion of female to male students were overfat as seniors; overweight trends for each of the four groups (ethnic group and gender) were stable over the study period; a sharp increase of obesity trends among black females was observed; and significant positive relationships existed between Percent Ideal Body Weight, skinfold thickness, Body Mass Index, and blood pressure among females of both ethnic groups. The hypothesis that the early onset of obesity is an indicator of obesity in older adolescents was supported. Students classified at risk as freshmen are more likely to remain at risk as seniors. |
| A young woman with high blood pressure on haemodialysis: it is never too late to evaluate hypertension Nickeleit, V., S. Moll, et al. (1999), Nephrol Dial Transplant 14(11): 2734-7. |
| ACE inhibitors prevent stroke in high-risk patients, independent of blood pressure-lowering effect Gustavsen, G. P. (2002), J Fam Pract 51(7): 595. |
| Activation of heat shock transcription factor 1 in rat aorta in response to high blood pressure Xu, Q., T. W. Fawcett, et al. (1996), Hypertension 28(1): 53-7. Abstract: We have previously demonstrated that acute hypertension induces heat shock protein gene expression in rat arterial wall. Here we provide evidence that this induction is mediated through the activation of heat shock transcription factor 1 in response to high blood pressure. Rats subjected to restraint or immobilization stress displayed an acute elevation in systolic pressure accompanied by an increase in heat shock protein 70 mRNA expression. Consistent with the rapid time course of mRNA induction, an increase in binding activity to an oligonucleotide encompassing a consensus heat shock element sequence was seen in protein extracts from aorta of restrained rats as assessed with gel mobility shift assays. A similar increase in DNA binding activity was also observed in aortic extracts from rats treated with various hypertensive agents, including phenylephrine, angiotensin II, and vasopressin. That the DNA binding activity was attributed to heat shock factor 1 was shown through use of antibodies to the transcription factor that retarded the DNA-protein complexes in gel mobility supershift assays. Western blot analysis of heat shock factor 1 protein expression in aortic extracts showed a slower mobility form of the protein in hypertensive rats, indicative of an activated, presumably phosphorylated, form of the transcription factor. These findings support the view that heat shock factor 1 is responsible for induction of heat shock protein 70 in the arterial wall during acute hypertension, a response that is likely to play an important role in protecting arteries during hemodynamic stress. |
| Activation of renin-angiotensin system in maintenance of high blood pressure in uncomplicated pheochromocytoma--a case report Muratani, H., T. Kawasaki, et al. (1983), Jpn J Med 22(3): 227-30. Abstract: In a patient with an uncomplicated pheochromocytoma, we observed high basal value of plasma renin activity (PRA), 16.2 ng/ml/h, and a remarkable elevation in PRA from 18.2 to 90.4 ng/ml/h and concomitant blood pressure reduction following a single oral administration of 25 mg of captopril. The response was same as that observed in renovascular hypertensives, and disappeared during the period of alpha-, beta-blocker administration or after the surgery. Basal PRA also returned to low normal level. The renin-angiotensin (R-A) system probably had a role in the maintenance of high blood pressure. The mechanism of the activation of the R-A system was thought to be renal vasoconstriction due to excessive circulating catecholamines. |
| Adherence to management of high blood pressure: recommendations of the Canadian Coalition for High Blood Pressure Prevention and Control Chockalingam, A., M. Bacher, et al. (1998), Can J Public Health 89(5): I5-11. Abstract: Adherence or compliance, in the context of medical treatment, refers to how well a patient follows and sticks to the management plan developed with her/his health care provider, which may include pharmacologic agents as well as changes in lifestyle. Adherence is of great concern in asymptomatic conditions such as hypertension, where lack of control may have serious ramifications including end organ damage and premature mortality. To address this issue, the Canadian Coalition for High Blood Pressure Prevention and Control established a national Advisory Committee on Adherence to the Management of High Blood Pressure. The Advisory Committee consisted of 11 members from different disciplines of health care providers. The Committee reviewed all evidences to date and drew up four practical recommendations with respect to patient, provider and environment. Based on Canadian Task Force on Periodic Health Examination's guidelines, all four recommendations can be classified as 'level C' with a quality of evidence of II. |
| Adrenal and sympathetic nervous activity in subjects with "low' and "high' normal blood pressure Beilin, L. J., R. Vandongen, et al. (1983), J Hypertens 1(1): 13-8. Abstract: Possible adrenal and autonomic mechanisms contributing to the onset of essential hypertension were studied in 18 men selected from the upper and lower extremes of blood pressure distribution within a larger population. In eight of the nine pairs of subjects, who were matched for age and obesity, those with higher pressure had significantly higher resting levels of both free adrenaline and noradrenaline sulphate in plasma than their lower pressure counterparts. The higher pressure group showed a positive correlation between diastolic blood pressure and both free and total noradrenaline levels (r = 0.77, P less than 0.05, and r = 0.81, P less than 0.01, respectively). In those with lower pressure, systolic blood pressure correlated closely with plasma adrenaline (r = 0.92, P less than 0.001). Increased adrenal medullary activity and altered autonomic tone appear to be features of the higher range of normal blood pressure and may precede the onset of essential hypertension. |
| Adrenal cortex function and high blood pressure. Pfeffer, K. H. and H. Staudinger (1951), Klin Wochenschr 29(9-10): 201-2. |
| Adrenal incidentaloma associated to elevated urinary normethanephrine in a patient with high blood pressure Macia Bobes, C., A. Ronzon Fernandez, et al. (2004), Arch Esp Urol 57(6): 643-5. Abstract: OBJECTIVES: To report one case of adrenal incidentaloma and to review the sensitivity and specificity of urine methanephrines in the diagnosis of pheochromocytoma. METHODS: We report the case of a patient with high blood pressure and a left adrenal incidentaloma. Surgical excision of the mass was indicated after elevated urine methanephrine. RESULTS: Pathologic study of the nodule established the diagnosis of cortical adenoma. CONCLUSIONS: The elevation of urine normethanephrine is a non-specific parameter for the diagnosis of pheochromocytoma. |
| Advances in the treatment of high blood pressure Doyle, A. E. (1966), Practitioner 197(180): 473-83. |
| Adverse treatment effects in the trial of the European Working Party on High Blood Pressure in the Elderly Fletcher, A. E. (1991), Am J Med 90(3A): 42S-44S. Abstract: Adverse treatment effects were assessed in 840 elderly hypertensive patients randomly assigned to active treatment (a combination of triamterene and hydrochlorothiazide) or placebo; methyldopa was added to the regimen in one third of the treated patients. Symptoms of dry mouth, nasal stuffiness, and diarrhea were reported by significantly more treated patients than placebo control subjects. More patients receiving diuretics plus methyldopa than diuretics alone reported dry mouth and diarrhea. Significantly more treated patients than control subjects showed evidence of a high serum creatinine level, mild hypokalemia, and gout. More treated patients tended to have diabetes. The benefits of treatment outweighed these adverse treatment effects. |
| Affective, substance use, and anxiety disorders in persons with arthritis, diabetes, heart disease, high blood pressure, or chronic lung conditions Wells, K. B., J. M. Golding, et al. (1989), Gen Hosp Psychiatry 11(5): 320-7. Abstract: The authors estimated the sex- and age-adjusted prevalence of affective, substance use, and anxiety disorders in persons in a general population sample who identified themselves as having arthritis, diabetes, heart disease, high blood pressure, chronic lung disease, or no chronic medical conditions. Persons who reported ever having arthritis, heart disease, chronic lung disease, or high blood pressure had a significantly increased adjusted prevalence of each of the three groups of lifetime psychiatric disorders, relative to a no-chronic conditions comparison group (each p less than 0.05). Persons who ever had diabetes had an increased adjusted prevalence of lifetime affective and anxiety but not substance use disorder. Persons with current (i.e., active) arthritis, heart disease, or high blood pressure had a significantly increased adjusted prevalence of recent (6-month) anxiety disorder, whereas those with current chronic lung disease had an increased adjusted prevalence of recent affective and substance use but not anxiety disorder. |
| African Americans and high blood pressure: the role of stereotype threat Blascovich, J., S. J. Spencer, et al. (2001), Psychol Sci 12(3): 225-9. Abstract: We examined the effect of stereotype threat on blood pressure reactivity. Compared with European Americans, and African Americans under little or no stereotype threat, African Americans under stereotype threat exhibited larger increases in mean arterial blood pressure during an academic test, and performed more poorly on difficult test items. We discuss the significance of these findings for understanding the incidence of hypertension among African Americans. |
| Age-dependent alterations in Na+, K(+)-ATPase activity in the central nervous system of spontaneously hypertensive rats: relationship to the development of high blood pressure Shah, J. and B. S. Jandhyala (1995), Clin Exp Hypertens 17(5): 751-67. Abstract: We have previously demonstrated that cerebroventricular administrations (i.c.v) of potassium chloride solutions (KCl; 0.375-1.25 mumoles/5 microliters) elicit ouabain-sensitive, concentration-dependent decreases in the blood pressure and heart rates of anesthetized, normotensive Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats. These studies have suggested an inverse relationship between Na(+)-pump activity in the central nervous system (CNS) and central sympathetic outflow. Such a view is further supported by the present studies showing that i.c.v. injections of KCl failed to produce any alterations in the blood pressures of rats pretreated with an autonomic ganglionic blocker, chlorisondamine. In the present studies, depressor responses to i.c.v. potassium chloride were considered as functional indices for evaluation of neuronal Na(+)-pump activity in 8 and 12 week old (8 wk and 12 wk) SHR, WKY and Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats. Basal arterial blood pressures of 8 wk-old SD and SHR, and the responsiveness of these two groups to i.c.v. potassium chloride solutions are similar and they both are significantly greater than that of age matched WKY. However, in the 12 wk-old groups, arterial pressure of SHR was significantly greater than that of WKY as well as SD, whereas the depressor responses to KCl in SHR were significantly greater than that of only WKY. Pretreatment of the rats with i.c.v. ouabain abolished the differences in the hypotensive responses to i.c.v. potassium chloride that existed between various groups but not the differences in the basal blood pressures. Evaluation of these data suggest that a) the centrally mediated hypotensive responses to K+ in various groups could depend upon Na+, K(+)-pump activity in C.N.S. and/or on basal central sympathetic discharge; b) central sympathetic activity is greater in SHR only when compared to WKY but not to SD; c) since the central Na(+)-pump activity and sympathetic tone appears to be similar in SHR and SD, mechanisms other than the increases in sympathetic activity must play a prominent role in the development of spontaneous hypertension; d) attenuation of neuronal Na(+)-pump activity cannot account for greater sympathetic tone in SHR and SD-rats when compared to WKY. |
| Age-related hypotensive effect of placebo and active treatment in patients older than 60 years. European Working Party on High Blood Pressure in the Elderly Thijs, L. (1991), Am J Med 90(3A): 24S-26S. Abstract: Elderly hypertensive patients were randomly assigned to active treatment (n = 365) or placebo (n = 377). The effects of treatment on blood pressure were calculated by subtracting pretreatment blood pressure from the blood pressure at 3 months. In the two treatment groups, the decrease in systolic and diastolic pressures was more pronounced in older patients. However, the slopes of blood pressure change with age were not significantly different in the two treatment groups: systolic, -0.47 and -0.37 mm Hg/year in the active-treated and placebo patients, respectively; diastolic, -0.26 and -0.15 mm Hg/year, respectively. Thus, proving that an observed age-related hypotensive effect is caused by a particular drug requires comparison with a control group on placebo. |
| Aggregation of blood pressure in the families of children with labile high systolic blood pressure. The Muscatine Study Clarke, W. R., H. G. Schrott, et al. (1986), Am J Epidemiol 123(1): 67-80. Abstract: The aggregation of systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, and heart rate is compared among the relatives of three groups of index children: children with low systolic blood pressure (less than the 5th percentile), middle range systolic blood pressure (between the 5th and 95th percentiles), or labile high blood pressure (above the 95th percentile when first sampled but below the 95th percentile when resampled four to six months later). Both systolic and diastolic blood pressures aggregate more strongly in the families of children with labile high systolic blood pressure than in the families of children with middle or low range systolic blood pressure. The degree of aggregation of heart rate does not differ among the three groups. Since blood pressures aggregate so strongly in families of children with labile high systolic blood pressure, study of these children and their families may yield important information about the etiology of hypertension. |
| Aggression and blood pressure responses of high- and low-guilt subjects following frustration Schill, T. R. (1972), J Consult Clin Psychol 38(3): 461. |
| Aggressiveness, hypoalgesia and high blood pressure in mice lacking the adenosine A2a receptor Ledent, C., J. M. Vaugeois, et al. (1997), Nature 388(6643): 674-8. Abstract: Adenosine is released from metabolically active cells by facilitated diffusion, and is generated extracellularly by degradation of released ATP. It is a potent biological mediator that modulates the activity of numerous cell types, including various neuronal populations, platelets, neutrophils and mast cells, and smooth muscle cells in bronchi and vasculature. Most of these effects help to protect cells and tissues during stress conditions such as ischaemia. Adenosine mediates its effects through four receptor subtypes: the A1, A2a, A2b and A3 receptors. The A2a receptor (A2aR) is abundant in basal ganglia, vasculature and platelets, and stimulates adenylyl cyclase. It is a major target of caffeine, the most widely used psychoactive drug. Here we investigate the role of the A2a receptor by disrupting the gene in mice. We found that A2aR-knockout (A2aR-/-) mice were viable and bred normally. Their exploratory activity was reduced, whereas caffeine, which normally stimulates exploratory behaviour, became a depressant of exploratory activity. Knockout animals scored higher in anxiety tests, and male mice were much more aggressive towards intruders. The response of A2aR-/- mice to acute pain stimuli was slower. Blood pressure and heart rate were increased, as well as platelet aggregation. The specific A2a agonist CGS 21680 lost its biological activity in all systems tested. |
| Alcohol and obesity: a new look at high blood pressure and stroke. An epidemiological study in preventive neurology Kornhuber, H. H., G. Lisson, et al. (1985), Eur Arch Psychiatry Neurol Sci 234(6): 357-62. Abstract: An investigation of the staff of a car assembly plant (3,351 persons) revealed a similarity between the change in relative body weight and diastolic blood pressure with age. There is a good temporal correlation between the course of alcohol consumption during life and the change of the relative body weight. German women had significantly less blood pressure for the same relative body weight than German men, and foreign employees had lower blood pressure than Germans. In both cases the main cause is the difference in alcohol consumption. Besides obesity and hereditary factors, alcohol is the main cause of "essential" hypertension today. Epidemiological and experimental data indicate that there are two ways from alcohol to high blood pressure, a more direct one and an indirect one via obesity. Alcohol causes obesity via a change in metabolism (hyperinsulinism) rather than by higher caloric intake. In both ways alcohol is an important cause of stroke. To reduce body weight and blood pressure, a reduction of alcohol consumption should be recommended in addition to reduced caloric intake and increased physical activity as means of preventive neurology. |
| Alcohol consumption as a risk factor for high blood pressure from the Cardiovascular Diseases and Alimentary Comparison Study. CARDIAC Cooperative Research Group) Mizushima, S., Y. Nara, et al. (1990), J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 16 Suppl 8: S35-7. Abstract: The relationship between alcohol consumption and blood pressure (BP) was studied in 29 centers in 12 countries as part of the International Cooperative Cardiovascular Diseases and Alimentary Comparison (CARDIAC) Study. From each population, 100 men and 100 women aged 50-54 were randomly selected for BP measurement by automated system and for a standardized interview to complete the questionnaire relating to alcohol consumption. In cross-center simple linear regression analysis, mean alcohol consumption calculated from a previous week's drinking did not show a linear association to BP. In within-center multiple linear regression analysis, relationships between high alcohol intake (much greater than 300 g/week) and BP were assessed among 26 centers with high alcohol drinkers after being adjusted for other confounding variables. Positive associations of high alcohol intake with systolic BP (SBP) and diastolic BP (DBP) were noted in 17 and 16 centers, respectively. Thus, high alcohol intake was positively and independently associated with BP in individual subjects. |
| Alcohol consumption as a risk factor for high blood pressure. Munich Blood Pressure Study Cairns, V., U. Keil, et al. (1984), Hypertension 6(1): 124-31. Abstract: The Munich Blood Pressure Study (MBS), a 1980-81 cross-sectional study (with follow-up) of a random sample of 3198 Munich citizens aged 30-69 years (response rate 69%), revealed hypertensive blood pressure (BP) values in 17.7% of men and 10.7% of women (WHO criteria). One of the main goals of the MBS was to search for social, behavioral, and environmental risk factors for hypertension. The relationship between BP and five possible risk factors--alcohol consumption (g/day), cigarette smoking, oral contraceptive use, years of education, obesity (BMI)--has been examined. The major emphasis of this report is the relationship of alcohol consumption to BP. Multiple linear and logistic regression analyses were run controlling for both age and sex. All second- and third-order interactions between the independent variables were tested during a backward-stepping procedure. Alcohol consumption appeared as a significant main effect in many of the analyses. The coefficient of the alcohol variable ranged from 0.02 to 0.06 for men and women in the separate linear regression analyses for systolic and diastolic BP. Thus, for example, according to the model, the daily consumption of 1 liter of beer (40 g alcohol) may cause an increase in diastolic BP in women of 2.4 mm Hg. |
| Alcohol drinking and high blood pressure: data from a 1980 national cardiovascular survey of Japan Ueshima, H., H. Ozawa, et al. (1992), J Clin Epidemiol 45(6): 667-73. Abstract: Many epidemiological cross-sectional studies have confirmed that alcohol drinking is related to high blood pressure. However, the impact of alcohol drinking on high blood pressure in the general population including older people has only been reported on in a few studies. The association between alcohol drinking and blood pressure or the prevalence of hypertension was examined using cross-sectional data of 4795 men and 6102 women aged 30-94, randomly selected from the Japanese population in 1980. The response rates were 74 and 84% for men and women, respectively. The prevalence of hypertension adjusted for body mass index (BMI, kg/m2) was significantly higher in everyday male drinkers than in male non-drinkers from the youngest age group (30-39 years) to oldest age group (70 years and over). A relationship between alcohol and blood pressure was found only in the youngest age group (30-39 years) of female drinkers. In each 10-year age-group of men, the BMI-adjusted systolic and diastolic blood pressures in everyday drinkers were 7-10 and 4-6 mmHg higher than those in non-drinkers. The relationship between alcohol and blood pressure in men was confirmed by multiple regression analysis adjusting for age and BMI in both younger (30-59 years) and older (60-94 years) people. The impact of alcohol drinking on blood pressure in men should be taken into account in the primary prevention of blood pressure related diseases and in the treatment of hypertension in both younger and older people. |
| Alcohol, high blood pressure, and serum gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase level Yamada, Y., M. Ishizaki, et al. (1991), Hypertension 18(6): 819-26. Abstract: The influence of the level of serum gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase, a biological marker of alcohol consumption, on elevations of blood pressure and on the development of hypertension related to increases in alcohol consumption was determined in a cross-sectional study of 1,492 middle-aged male workers and in a subsequent 5-year follow-up study of 1,393 workers. Blood pressure levels, as well as the prevalence and incidence of hypertension, were higher in the subjects with serum gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase levels above 50 units/l than in those with normal levels. These differences were more marked in drinkers who consumed 30 ml or more of alcohol per day. Thus, elevated serum gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase activity may identify drinkers at higher risk for the development of alcohol-related hypertension. |
| Alcohol-related high blood pressure, and erythrocyte Na+/K(+)-ATPase activity, sodium and potassium concentrations Tsuritani, I., K. Teraoka, et al. (1993), Rinsho Byori 41(12): 1353-7. Abstract: Erythrocyte Na+/K(+)-ATPase activity (Ery-ATPase) and intra-erythrocyte sodium and potassium concentrations (Ery-Na, Ery-K) were determined in 83 men aged between 36 and 60 years. Volumes of alcohol consumed during the preceding one week (Alc) correlated significantly with blood pressure (BP), but not correlated with Ery-ATPase and Ery-K. Ery-Na showed a week inverse correlation with Alc, but the partial correlation after adjusting Ery-ATPase was not significant. Therefore, elevations of BP found in alcohol consumers are not related to changes in the cell-membrane Na+/K(+)-ATPase activity and intracellular Na and K concentrations. Ery-ATPase showed a borderline significant positive correlation with diastolic BP (0.05 < or = p < 0.10), independently of age, body mass index and Alc. The significance of the weak association in the pathogenesis of hypertension remains unclear. |
| Alteration in the carotid artery wall properties with ageing and high blood pressure level Benetos, A., S. Laurent, et al. (1991), J Hypertens Suppl 9(6): S112-3. |
| Altered aortic reactivity and lowered blood pressure associated with high calcium intake Bukoski, R. D. and D. A. McCarron (1986), Am J Physiol 251(5 Pt 2): H976-83. Abstract: The hypothesis that dietary calcium (dCa) alters functional properties of aortic smooth muscle in the spontaneously hypertensive rat (SHR) was tested. At 6 wk of age, Wistar Kyoto (WKY) and (SHR) rats were placed on a control diet containing 1% Ca. The experimental SHR group received a 2%-calcium diet. After an average of either 8 or 15 wk on the diets (WOD), aortic rings were prepared for measurement of passive elastic properties and isometric force development. Differences in blood pressure (BP) were not apparent until after 8 WOD when the BP of SHRs on 2% dCa were 10-15 mmHg lower than SHRs on 1% dCa (P less than 0.05). After 8 WOD, when the BP effect first emerged, no significant differences in aortic properties were observed between the SHR groups. However, after 15 WOD, aortas of SHRs on 2% dCa were more compliant than those of SHRs on 1% dCa and between 8 and 15 WOD the sensitivity to KCl decreased in aortas from the WKY group and the SHRs on 2% dCa, but not the SHR-1% dCa group (mean effective dose went from 14.4 +/- 0.4 to 18.5 +/- 0.9 mM for WKY and from 13.6 +/- 0.6 to 17.1 +/- 1.2 mM for SHRs on 2% dCa, P less than 0.05). In addition, between 8 and 15 WOD, a significant decrease in response to a calcium (Ca2+) challenge after removal of K+ and Ca2+ occurred in aortas of the SHRs on 2% dCa, but not in the control diet groups, indicating that a decrease in aortic reactivity was present in the Ca2+-supplemented SHR.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) |