High Blood Pressure Articles and Abstracts

For medical practitioners and the general public - High Blood Pressure Journal Article Catalog. High Blood Pressure
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High Blood Pressure Journal Articles



Record 921 to 960
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Hormone replacement therapy and high blood pressure
Jespersen, C. M. (1997), Am J Hypertens 10(3): 366-7.

Hormone replacement therapy with conjugated estrogens and high blood pressure: response to Dr. Jespersen
Wong, P. S., G. Y. Lip, et al. (1997), Am J Hypertens 10(5 Pt 1): 579.

How common is high blood pressure?
Beard, T. C. (1994), Aust Fam Physician 23(2): 93-5.

How do we treat, or not treat, high blood pressure in the oldest old? A practice study in Swedish geriatricians
Kilander, L., M. Boberg, et al. (1997), Blood Press 6(6): 372-6.
Abstract: No clear guidelines exist for the treatment of hypertension in the oldest old (age 80+). While on the one hand the benefits of antihypertensive treatment in stroke prevention are greatest in very old people, on the other hand the adverse effects of treatment are more frequent in these frail, elderly patients. What is optimum blood pressure (BP) in healthy old patients, and in old patients with stroke or dementia? This study aimed to describe physicians opinions regarding BP treatment in geriatric patients. Of 462 Swedish geriatricians sent a postal questionnaire, 350 responded. In answer to the question what stage they would initiate treatment in a healthy, 82-year-old female patient, more than half responded that they would start treatment at higher BP levels (systolic BP >180 mmHg or diastolic BP >100 mmHg) than is recommended for younger elderly. Opinion varied on ideal BP in the case of a recent minor stroke, or dementia. Findings from epidemiological studies concerning the relations between BP and stroke and dementia are discussed. We conclude that further research is needed in this area.

How to participate in National High Blood Pressure Month
Williams, R. L. (1974), J Am Pharm Assoc 14(4): 179-80 passim.

How to use calcium antagonists in hypertension: putting the JNC-VI guidelines into practice. Joint National Committee for the Prevention, Detection, Evaluation and Treatment of High Blood Pressure
Singh, V., J. Christiana, et al. (1999), Drugs 58(4): 579-87.
Abstract: The prevention and treatment of hypertension remain as major challenges for clinicians all over the world. The recently published Sixth Report of the Joint National Committee for the Prevention, Detection, Evaluation and Treatment of High Blood Pressure (JNC-VI) uses evidence-based medicine in providing guidelines to aid clinicians in the prevention, detection and treatment of high blood pressure, including pharmacological approaches. Calcium antagonists are used widely for the treatment of hypertension, and JNC-VI focuses on specific situations where calcium antagonists could be considered as preferred treatments. There are a large number of calcium antagonists available, with a variety of pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic actions. Several sustained-release formulations of these drugs are also available. In terms of blood pressure control, calcium antagonists are more effective as antihypertensive treatments than beta-blockers, ACE inhibitors and angiotensin II receptor blockers in Black patients. The dihydropyridine calcium antagonists have been shown to reduce morbidity and mortality in elderly patients with isolated systolic hypertension. The rate-lowering calcium antagonists can be used as alternatives to beta-blockers in patients with coronary artery disease and hypertension. Calcium antagonists can be used as alternatives to ACE inhibitors in patients with hypertension and concomitant diabetes mellitus and/or renal disease. Some dihydropyridine calcium antagonists may be useful as alternatives to ACE inhibitors in patients with hypertension and systolic heart failure. Calcium antagonists appear to be extremely useful in patients with cyclosporin-induced hypertension, and in patients with hypertension and concomitant Raynaud's phenomenon and/or migraine. The rate-lowering agents can be used in patients with atrial tachyarrhythmias and hypertension. Clinicians should be aware of drug-drug interactions involving calcium antagonists, especially after the recent problems with mibefradil. Although retrospective studies have caused controversy regarding the safety of calcium antagonists in patients with hypertension, recent prospective studies have revealed no major safety concerns with these drugs.

How well are we managing and monitoring high blood pressure?
Pavlik, V. N. and D. J. Hyman (2003), Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens 12(3): 299-304.
Abstract: PURPOSE OF REVIEW: We will summarize the latest available data on hypertension control levels in different populations throughout the world, and review the factors that appear to contribute to the widespread lack of blood pressure control in identified hypertensive patients. RECENT FINDINGS: Population surveys throughout the world indicate that the proportion of hypertensive patients with blood pressure controlled to below 140/90 mmHg ranges from 5% in Taiwan to 25% in the United States. Studies in the US have shown that the majority of hypertensive patients classified as uncontrolled have diastolic pressure below 90 mmHg with mild systolic elevation in the 140-160 mmHg range, and that these blood pressure levels rarely elicit a treatment intensification action by the physician. The results of the Antihypertensive and Lipid Lowering to Prevent Heart Attack Trial indicate that it is feasible to maintain average blood pressures on treatment to levels well below 140/90 mmHg in elderly hypertensive patients in primary care settings. Although the literature on automated blood pressure measurement and comparisons between office blood pressure and home blood pressure continues to grow, there has been little attention paid to practicing physicians' attitudes and beliefs about different blood pressure measurement methods, or to the feasibility of standardizing blood pressure measurement in typical practice settings. SUMMARY: The experience in the US indicates that widely publicized treatment guidelines recommending blood pressure control targets and choice of first-line agents may have little influence on practicing physicians, even when based on solid evidence from clinical trials. Controversies in the literature regarding treatment targets, appropriate drug choices, and blood pressure monitoring methods are likely to delay improvements in overall population control.

Human soluble leptin receptor number in healthy normotensive individuals with high normal blood pressure
Papadopoulos, D. P., T. K. Makris, et al. (2005), Am J Hypertens 18(7): 1001-4.
Abstract: BACKGROUND: High normal blood pressure (BP) seems to be related to increased cardiovascular risk in healthy normotensive subjects, whereas hyperleptinemia enhances both sympathetic tone and arterial BP. The aim of our study was to determine the human soluble leptin receptor number in healthy normotensive subjects with high normal BP and to compare these findings to those of healthy normotensive individuals with normal BP levels. METHODS: We studied 36 healthy normotensive individuals with high normal BP (19 men and 17 women, mean age 42+/-8 years, body mass index BMI 23+/-1.5 kg/m2) and 40 healthy normotensive individuals with normal BP (23 men and 17 women, mean age 43+/-7 years, BMI 23.2+/-1.4 kg/m2). The two groups are matched for age, sex, and BMI. The human soluble leptin receptor number and immunoreactive leptin levels were determined in the study population by enzyme-linked immunoassay and radioimmunoassay, respectively. RESULTS: Mean plasma leptin levels were significantly higher, whereas mean human soluble leptin receptor numbers were lower in the group with high normal BP compared with the normotensive group (10+/-4.8 v 6+/-2.7 ng/mL, P<.001 and 18+/-7 v 27+/-9 IU/mL, P<.001, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: Our findings indicate that normotensive individuals with high normal BP have statistically significantly higher plasma leptin levels and lower numbers of human soluble leptin receptors. This observation may play a important role in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular events in this special group of patients and needs further investigation.

Hyperglycemia, hyperinsulinemia, overweight, and high blood pressure in young adults: the Rio de Janeiro Study
Pozzan, R., A. A. Brandao, et al. (1997), Hypertension 30(3 Pt 2): 650-3.
Abstract: Children and adolescents (n=3906, 10-15 years old) have been participating in a screening program for high blood pressure. Sixty-four individuals (17-23 years old) from this population were followed up for 8 years and four consecutive screenings and were stratified into three groups according to blood pressure: group 1 (n=23), > or = 95th percentile for at least three of four evaluations; group 2 (n=28), < 50th percentile for at least three of four screenings; and group 3 (n=13), with unstable blood pressure percentiles. All 64 individuals underwent an oral glucose tolerance test after a 12-hour fast. Blood samples were collected at 0, 30, 60, 90, and 120 minutes for insulin and glucose measurements. Group 1 had a greater body mass index and higher systolic and diastolic blood pressures, basal glucose and insulin levels, and peak values of insulin and glucose levels than the other groups (P<.05). Group 1 also had a higher prevalence of overweight and abnormal values of basal insulin than the other groups (P<.05) and a higher proportion of glucose-intolerant individuals when compared with group 2 (P<.05). Systolic and diastolic blood pressures were positively related to body mass index (P<.05) and insulin variables (P<.05); however, when body mass index was controlled for, only systolic blood pressure demonstrated a significant correlation with insulin variables (P<.05). The association of overweight, hyperinsulinemia, glucose intolerance, and high blood pressure can be detected early, but the significance of these findings would be better explained by longitudinal studies.

Hypernephroma as a cause of high blood pressure (author's transl)
Sutter, A. and W. Simma (1978), Urologe A 17(2): 76-8.
Abstract: In the group of 111 patients treated for hypernephroma, 24 have shown in addition to their usual symptoms a more systolic an elevated blood pressure up to 22 mm Hg and higher. In two cases was hypertension the only symptom. In the hypertensive group, 20 patients underwent nephrectomy and blood pressure returned to normal in all but one. Four pathophysiologic mechanisms of blood pressure elevation in hypernephroma are discussed: (1) AV shunts; (2) Compression of the renal artery or its branches due to tumor expansion; (3) Polycythemia; (4) Hypernephroma with hormonal activity. The hypertension of 6 of our patients was due to AV shunts, of 7, to renal vessels compression, and of 6 others, to a polycythemia.

Hyperpiesis: high blood-pressure without evident cause: essential hypertension
Pickering, G. (1965), Br Med J 5469: 1021-6 concl.

Hypersensitivity of spontaneously hypertensive rats to heat and ether before the onset of high blood pressure
McMurtry, J. P. and B. C. Wexler (1983), Endocrinology 112(1): 166-71.
Abstract: Hypertension-prone, male, spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR; n = 60) and normotensive, male, Sprague-Dawley rats (S-D; n = 60) were exposed to the relatively innocuous stimulus of heat and ether when they were 40 days of age, just before the usual onset of high blood pressure in SHR. The animals were decapitated 0, 2, 5, 15, and 60 min postexposure to heat and ether. Blood levels of corticosterone, aldosterone, PRL, GH were measured concomitant with pituitary content of GH and PRL and adrenal content of ascorbic acid and cholesterol. The foregoing constituents were used as an index of pituitary-adrenal responsiveness. Changes in circulating corticosterone, PRL, GH, and especially aldosterone indicated that before the onset of their high blood pressure, SHR are much more responsive to noxious stimuli than normotensive S-D. The pattern of change in the pituitary content of GH and PRL, adrenal ascorbate, and cholesterol were also indicative of SHR hypersensitivity. These findings suggest that adrenal steroidogenesis and the stress response pattern in SHR vs. normotensive rats may be unique.

Hypertension and adrenocortical function. I. Studies of patients suffering from high blood pressure on the basis of the adrenocortical function
Nakada, T. (1971), Nippon Hinyokika Gakkai Zasshi 62(1): 13-30.

Hypertension and the brain. The National High Blood Pressure Education Program
Phillips, S. J. and J. P. Whisnant (1992), Arch Intern Med 152(5): 938-45.
Abstract: Neurogenic mechanisms are important in the maintenance of most forms of hypertension, yet the brain is highly vulnerable to the deleterious effects of elevated blood pressure. Hypertensive encephalopathy results from a sudden, sustained rise in blood pressure sufficient to exceed the upper limit of cerebral blood flow autoregulation. The cerebral circulation adapts to chronic less severe hypertension but at the expense of changes that predispose to stroke due to arterial occlusion or rupture. Stroke is a generic term for a clinical syndrome that includes focal infarction or hemorrhage in the brain, or subarachnoid hemorrhage. Atherothromboembolism and thrombotic occlusion of lipohyalinotic small-diameter end arteries are the principal causes of cerebral infarction. Microaneurysm rupture is the usual cause of hypertension-associated intracerebral hemorrhage. Rupture of aneurysms on the circle of Willis is the most common cause of nontraumatic subarachnoid hemorrhage. Stroke is a major cause of morbidity and mortality, particularly among persons aged 65 years or older. Treatment of diastolic hypertension reduces the incidence of stroke by about 40%. Treatment of isolated systolic hypertension in persons aged 60 years and older reduces the incidence of stroke by more than one third. Blood pressure management in the setting of acute stroke and the role of antihypertensive therapy in the prevention of multi-infarct dementia require further study.

Hypertension and the eye: applications of the Sixth Report of the Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure
Marshall, E. C. and V. E. Malinovsky (1998), J Am Optom Assoc 69(5): 281-91.
Abstract: BACKGROUND: High blood pressure is a major risk factor for coronary artery disease, kidney disease, and stroke. More people are aware of treating and controlling their blood pressure, but overall control rates are low and the incidence of hypertension-related morbidity and mortality remains high. METHODS: The National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute released The Sixth Report of the Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure (JNC VI) as the most recent national guideline to hypertension control for primary care clinicians. RESULTS: JNC VI identifies 10 hypertension-related public health challenges: (1) prevent the rise of blood pressure; (2) decrease prevalence of hypertension; (3) increase awareness and detection of hypertension; (4) improve control of hypertension; (5) reduce cardiovascular risks; (6) increase recognition of importance of isolated systolic hypertension; (7) improve recognition of importance of high-normal blood pressure; (8) reduce ethnic, socioeconomic, and regional variations; (9) improve treatment; and (10) enhance community programs. CONCLUSIONS: The eye is a target organ and retinopathy is a frequent complication--as well as a prognostic indicator--of sustained hypertension. As part of a multidisciplinary team approach, the optometrist assumes a significant role in the prevention, detection, evaluation, and treatment of high blood pressure and its associated morbidities.

Hypertension control in rural Maine. Franklin County high blood pressure program
Miller, F. S., 3rd and N. B. Record, Jr. (1976), J Maine Med Assoc 67(9): 280-3.

Hypertension in a black population: prevalence and biosocial determinants of high blood pressure in a group of urban Nigerians
Olatunbosun, S. T., J. S. Kaufman, et al. (2000), J Hum Hypertens 14(4): 249-57.
Abstract: AIMS: To define the prevalence of hypertension, a major cause of morbidity and mortality in blacks, and related biosocial factors in an urban African population group. METHODS: The setting was that of a civil service population in Ibadan, a major city in Southwestern Nigeria. Nine hundred and ninety-eight civil servants selected by multistage sampling participated in the survey. Biosocial data including smoking history, alcohol use and level of physical activity; anthropometry, blood pressure and plasma glucose measurements were obtained. Diagnosis of hypertension was based on blood pressure of > or =160/95 mm Hg or known hypertensive on treatment. RESULTS: The overall prevalence rate of hypertension was 10.3% (CI, 8.4%, 12.2%), rates of 13.9% and 5.3% were obtained in men and women respectively in spite of a much higher rate of generalised obesity in the latter. Hypertension was associated with higher salary grade level, but there was no relationship found with regular exercise, smoking and alcohol. Obesity (body mass index (BMI) > or =30 kg/m2) was associated with hypertension only in women. A two-sided t-test demonstrated age, waist circumference, waist to hip ratio (WHR) and plasma glucose level as significant variables. In multivariate ANOVA models of systolic blood pressures, age, male sex and BMI were highly significant factors (P < 0.0001) and plasma glucose was also significant (P < 0.016); the same variables (except plasma glucose) were associated with diastolic blood pressures. In logistic regression models the variables which predicted hypertension were WHR, plasma glucose, age, sex and family history of diabetes. CONCLUSIONS: Prevalence of hypertension in the study was comparable to recently reported rates in urban Nigeria and similar populations in Africa. The biosocial determinants of hypertension in the urban black population were age, male gender, higher socio-economic status, BMI, plasma glucose, generalised and central adiposity. Regional fat distribution was a stronger predictor of hypertension than generalised obesity in the population.

Hypertension means high blood pressure
Frohlich, E. D., G. N. Navar, et al. (1994), Hypertension 24(3): 250.

Hypertension syndrome and cardiovascular events. High blood pressure is only one risk factor
Glasser, S. P. (2001), Postgrad Med 110(5): 29-36.
Abstract: It is becoming increasingly clear that high blood pressure is not the sole cause of the high cardiovascular morbidity and mortality rates associated with hypertension. Reduction of blood pressure is of utmost importance, but many other factors contribute significantly to the risk of adverse cardiovascular events and death. In this article, Dr Glasser reviews hypertension as a syndrome, emphasizing therapy to improve blood pressure control, increase arterial compliance, and inhibit or reverse vascular remodeling.

Hypertension--new drug therapies. Joint National Committee on Detection, Evaluation and Treatment of High Blood Pressure
Solomon, J. (1994), Rn 57(1): 26-32; quiz 33.

Hypertension--only high blood pressure?
Maisch, B. (2003), Herz 28(8): 651-4.

Hypertensive encephalopathy: does not only occur at high blood pressure
Wijman, C. A., I. S. Beijer, et al. (2002), Ned Tijdschr Geneeskd 146(21): 969-73.
Abstract: A 45-year-old man presented with severe hypertension, headache, cortical blindness, and a depressed level of consciousness. A second patient, a 33-year-old woman, was admitted with pre-eclampsia. She developed lethargy, headache, bilateral extensor plantar responses, and seizures. The third patient, a 62-year-old man, presented with acute renal failure due to necrotising vasculitis and glomerulonephritis. Five days after treatment with immunosuppressive drugs had been initiated, he developed headache, confusion, seizures, and cortical blindness. Hypertensive encephalopathy is characterised by headache, vomiting, disturbances in cognition and level of consciousness, visual abnormalities, and seizures. Imaging studies often demonstrate oedema of the white matter in the posterior parietal and occipital areas of the brain. This so-called reversible posterior leucoencephalopathy syndrome is well known in patients with severe hypertension, but it is also associated with immunosuppressive drug use and renal failure. It can be recognised by its fairly characteristic clinical features (different combinations of headache, vomiting, changes in cognition and level of consciousness, seizures, muscle weakness, and visual symptoms) and by its specific imaging findings. Treatment consists of reducing the blood pressure and reducing or discontinuing the use of immunosuppressive drugs. If the treatment is started promptly, symptoms and imaging abnormalities are usually reversible.

Hypertensive patients' knowledge of high blood pressure
Kjellgren, K. I., S. Svensson, et al. (1997), Scand J Prim Health Care 15(4): 188-92.
Abstract: OBJECTIVE: To investigate hypertensive patients' understanding of the circulatory system, in particular high blood pressure. DESIGN: Semi-structured audio-taped interviews of patients immediately after a regular follow-up appointment with their physician. SETTING: A primary health care centre and a specialist clinic (hypertension unit) in southern Sweden. PATIENTS: 33 hypertensive patients, consecutively selected. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: Focus was set on the exploration of patients' understanding/knowledge. RESULTS: In spite of a long history of hypertensive care, on average ten years, patients had a less than satisfactory understanding of their condition. Most patients knew their blood pressure values, but very few were able to give an account of what high blood pressure implies in functional terms. Knowledge of high blood pressure seems mainly to be derived from sources other than the health care system, in particular from the mass media. Knowledge of the risks associated with hypertension was quite good, as was the insight into how these risks could be managed. CONCLUSION: An assessment of patient knowledge of high blood pressure ought to be a starting point for educational strategies that aim to deepen patients' understanding of their state of health.

Hypertensive update: highlights from the Sixth Report of the Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation and Treatment of High Blood Pressure
Fitzgerald, M. A. (1998), Clin Excell Nurse Pract 2(4): 197-201.
Abstract: The National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute's Sixth Report of the Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation and Treatment of High Blood Pressure (JNC VI) proposes a set of public health challenges to fight hypertension. The report proposes a system of risk stratification and pharmacologic therapy. Ongoing care of the person with high blood pressure (HBP) emphasizes the role of the primary care provider.

Hypertonia or uneventful high blood pressure
Evans, W. (1957), Lancet 273(6985): 53-9.

Hypoplastic kidney and high blood pressure
Verebelyi, A., V. Szabo, et al. (1977), Orv Hetil 118(48): 2895-8.

Hypotensive actions of hexamethonium bromide and some of its homologues; their use in high blood-pressure
Smirk, F. H. (1952), Lancet 2(21): 1002-5.

Hypotensive effect of naloxone on high blood pressure induced by stress in the rat
Florentino, A., I. Jimenez, et al. (1987), Life Sci 41(22): 2445-53.
Abstract: A naloxone-reversible enhancement of systolic blood pressure (BP) was induced in rats by application of three different types of stressor, i.e. intense light and sound, cold and foot-shock. In the case of labile high BP provoked by short-term isolation, the opiate antagonist naloxone (1 mg/Kg, i.p.) was also found to reverse hypertension. Naltrexone (2.5 mg/Kg, i.p.) also diminished high BP readings of briefly isolated rats. Conversely, blockade of the opiate receptor with naloxone did not alter elevated BP in cases of established hypertension (spontaneously hypertensive rats, deoxycorticosterone (DOCA)-salt rats and long-term isolated rats). These data can be taken as an evidence of opioid involvement at the onset of high BP readings induced by stress. However, once hypertension becomes established, the opioid system appears to recover its silent features.

Hypoxanthine production by ischemic heart demonstrated by high pressure liquid chromatography of blood purine nucleosides and oxypurines
Harmsen, E., J. W. de Jong, et al. (1981), Clin Chim Acta 115(1): 73-84.
Abstract: An isocratic high pressure liquid chromatographic system was developed for the estimation of purine nucleosides and oxypurines in blood. Use was made of a reversed-phase column. Nucleotides derived from erythrocytes affected the separation; these compounds were removed with A12O3. The recovery of the whole clean-up procedure exceeded 75%, and the lower detection limit of the assay for blood metabolites was 0.1 mumol/l. In 6 healthy volunteers, non-resting, the following blood concentrations (mean values +/- S.D. in mumol/l) were observed: adenosine (less than 0.1), inosine (0.2 +/- 0.1), hypoxanthine (2.2 +/- 1.3) and xanthine (0.2 +/- 0.1). In plasma and serum the total amount of these compounds was 1.9 and 5.4 times higher, respectively, presumably due to nucleotide breakdown during blood processing. The myocardial arterial-venous differences of blood purine nucleosides, oxypurines and lactate were subsequently measured in blood samples from 13 patients with angiographically documented ischemic heart disease, undergoing an atrial pacing stress test. No significant release of adenosine, inosine and xanthine by the heart was detectable in this study. The myocardial arterial-venous difference of lactate changed from 0.01 +/- 0.03 mmol/l (mean +/- SEM) at rest, to -0.10 +/- 0.04 mmol/l during pacing (p less than 0.002). Relatively larger changes were observed for hypoxanthine: pacing increased the arterial-venous difference from -0.01 +/- 0.05 to -0.51 +/- 0.17 mumol/l (p less than 0.02). We conclude that the high pressure liquid chromatographic assay of blood hypoxanthine is a useful tool in the diagnosis of ischemic heart disease.

I am a 64-year-old man with high blood pressure. My doctor always checks my pressure in my right arm, but I've started checking both arms with my own blood pressure machine. My right arm is always 6-10 points higher than my left. Is this normal?
Simon, H. B. (1999), Harv Mens Health Watch 3(9): 8.

I like to run for exercise and fitness but have never been a speed demon. I used to run my four-mile route in 35 minutes, but since I started taking a beta blocker for high blood pressure, my time has stretched to more than 40 minutes. Should I stop taking this medication?
Lee, T. H. (1999), Harv Heart Lett 9(5): 7.

I take Adalat (or nifedipine, also sold as Procardia) and captopril tablets daily for my high blood pressure. My physician told me not to take aspirin because of the possibility of drug interactions. From what I have read about aspirin, I hate to miss out on the benefits
Lee, T. H. (1998), Harv Heart Lett 9(2): 8.

I would like to know if it is ever too late to begin hormone replacement therapy to protect against heart disease and osteoporosis. My 84-year-old mother has high blood pressure and has never drunk much milk, so is she at risk of both these conditions? Wouldn't she benefit from estrogen?
Robb-Nicholson, C. (1998), Harv Womens Health Watch 5(10): 8.

Identification of a candidate gene responsible for the high blood pressure of spontaneously hypertensive rats
Iwai, N. and T. Inagami (1992), J Hypertens 10(10): 1155-7.
Abstract: OBJECTIVE: We have recently isolated a gene, designated as the SA gene, which is more than 10 times more abundantly expressed in the kidneys of spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) than in those of Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) rats. To address the issue whether the SA gene is one of the genes responsible for the hypertension of SHR, a genetic cosegregation analysis of the blood pressure values with the genotypes in an F2 rat population was undertaken in this study. METHODS AND DESIGN: Male F2 rats were bred from SHR and WKY rats. The genotypes of the SA gene of the F2 rats were determined by utilizing the StuI restriction fragment length polymorphism of the SA gene between SHR and WKY rats. The blood pressure values were determined by the tail-cuff method. The effect of the genotype of the SA gene on the blood pressure of the F2 rats was analysed by one-way analysis of variance. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: The blood pressure of the F2 rats inheriting two SHR alleles of the SA gene was significantly higher than that of the F2 rats inheriting two WKY alleles. This indicates that the SA gene, or a gene closely linked to it, has a capacity to influence the blood pressure values of the F2 rat population. Further studies to identify functions of the SA gene products will be necessary.

I'm a 65-year-old man with high blood pressure and a family history of stroke. Which stroke-prevention medication would be better for me--aspirin or clopidogrel (Plavix)?
Ornato, J. P. (2003), Health News 9(2): 12.

Imidazole receptors and blood pressure regulation. High receptor selectivity of moxonidine
Molderings, G. J., M. Gothert, et al. (1993), Dtsch Med Wochenschr 118(25): 953-8.

Immediate evolution of the cardiac output in acute experimental high blood pressure.
Jourdan, F. and A. Collet (1950), Arch Mal Coeur Vaiss 43(4): 353-7.

Immediate responses of arterial blood pressure and heart rate to sudden inhalation of high concentrations of isoflurane in normotensive and hypertensive patients
Ishikawa, T., T. Nishino, et al. (1993), Anesth Analg 77(5): 1022-5.
Abstract: Inhalation of pungent volatile anesthetics elicits respiratory reflex responses. To clarify whether an upper airway irritation produced by pungent anesthetics can also induce circulatory reflex responses that are clinically significant, a sudden administration of 5% isoflurane by mask was performed during continuous measurement of arterial blood pressure (BP) and heart rate (HR) in eight normotensive and eight hypertensive patients anesthetized with thiamylal and paralyzed with vecuronium. The sudden administration of 5% isoflurane caused immediate increases in BP, HR, and rate pressure products (RPP) in both normotensive and hypertensive patients. The responses observed were more pronounced in hypertensive than in normotensive patients. The circulatory changes in hypertensive patients were sufficient to be clinically significant. Our findings suggest that sudden administration of a high concentration of pungent volatile anesthetics may be associated with transient hypertensive responses in hypertensive patients with coronary artery disease.

Immunological factors and high blood pressure in man. Systemic hypertension and raised levels of immunoglobulins in the serum
Olsen, F. (1972), Acta Pathol Microbiol Scand A 80(2): 257-9.

Impact of a rural high blood pressure control program on hypertension control and cardiovascular disease mortality
Kotchen, J. M., H. E. McKean, et al. (1986), Jama 255(16): 2177-82.
Abstract: Kentucky is a predominantly rural state with relatively high death rates from hypertension and cardiovascular disease. We report the results of a community-based high blood pressure control educational program undertaken in two rural counties of southeastern Kentucky. In the intervention counties, systolic and diastolic blood pressures of both men and women decreased despite the five-year increase in age; moreover, hypertension was better controlled after the program, and substantial decreases in deaths due to cardiovascular disease were seen. These differences were greater among men in the two regions than among women. The results of this program suggest that, in sparsely populated rural areas, existing resources and programs can be successfully utilized in a communitywide cardiovascular disease risk reduction educational program.


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