| For medical practitioners and the general public - High Blood Pressure Journal Article Catalog. |
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| Apparatus for registration of blood pressure in high altitudes. Agadzhanian, N. A., A. S. Tsivilashvili, et al. (1958), Voen Med Zh 8(10): 87-9. |
| Application of high-pressure liquid chromatography and thermal energy analyzer to analysis of trinitroglycerin and its metabolites in blood Spanggord, R. J. and R. G. Keck (1980), J Pharm Sci 69(4): 444-6. Abstract: A highly selective and sensitive analytical procedure for the determination of trinitroglycerin and four metabolites in whole blood was developed. Trinitroglycerin and its metabolites were extracted from whole blood with ethyl acetate and analyzed by high-pressure liquid chromatography using the thermal energy analyzer detector. Linearity of response was observed over the 1-1000-ng range. The applicability of this method to the analysis of whole blood from dogs orally dosed with trinitroglycerin is described. |
| Apropos the pharmacological treatment recommended in the Fifth Report of the Joint National Committee on Detection, Evaluation and Treatment of High Blood Pressure Clara, J. G. (1993), Rev Port Cardiol 12(10): 809-10. |
| Are there interactions and relations between genetic and environmental factors predisposing to high blood pressure? Williams, R. R., S. C. Hunt, et al. (1991), Hypertension 18(3 Suppl): I29-37. Abstract: An overview of published observations suggests that both genetic predisposition and environment work together to produce hypertension in most persons. High blood pressure before age 55 occurs 3.8 times more often among persons with a strong positive family history of high blood pressure. Much of the total variability in blood pressure in modern populations seems attributable to genetic factors. Estimates of the proportion of the variance attributable to all genetic factors (heritability H2) vary from 25% in pedigree studies to 65% in twin studies for sitting diastolic blood pressure. Several biochemical traits associated with high blood pressure are highly genetic (H2, 78-84%) and may help elucidate the pathophysiology of high blood pressure. While pertinent environmental factors such as salt intake, alcohol use, and amount of exercise also correlate significantly among relatives, only 7% of the total variance of diastolic blood pressure seems attributable to all shared environmental factors in family households. Thus most familial aggregation of high blood pressure appears to be due to genes rather than shared family environment. Practical benefit may result from identifying familial predisposition in multiple siblings with high blood pressure before age 55 and lipid abnormalities (labeled "familial dyslipidemic hypertension"). About 12% of high blood pressure patients have familial dyslipidemic hypertension and also have high risk of early coronary heart disease. Hyperinsulinemia and central obesity as well as high triglycerides and low high density lipoprotein cholesterol are prominent features of familial dyslipidemic hypertension.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) |
| Arrhythmogenic effect of high blood pressure: some observations on its mechanism Sideris, D. A., S. T. Toumanidis, et al. (1989), Cardiovasc Res 23(11): 983-92. Abstract: An increase in aortic pressure is a reproducible way of causing ventricular ectopic rhythms. This study sought to determine whether it is the aortic pressure per se or the concommitant increase in afterload or preload that has a direct arrhythmogenic effect. Experiments were carried out in 17 anaesthetised dogs. For each 10 s period the pressure and the presence of a ventricular arrhythmia (at least one ectopic beat) were noted. In nine animals an aortic valve gradient was created (and released). The results were compared to those obtained by impeding the aortic flow at the ascending aorta. The mean systolic left ventricular pressure was significantly higher in the arrhythmia associated periods in 8/9 experiments when there was an aortic valve gradient and in 5/9 experiments when there was not. In 4/9 experiments the mean aortic pressure associated with arrhythmia was significantly lower with an aortic valve gradient than when there was no gradient and no arrhythmia. In 7/9 of these experiments, coronary sinus flow was measured volumetrically during the manoeuvres applied. The coronary flow was significantly lower when there was neither arrhythmia nor aortic valve gradient than when there was an arrhythmia (with or without an aortic valve gradient). In another eight experiments a pressure reservoir in the aorta was either raised or lowered while another pressure reservoir in the left atrium was moved in the opposite direction. Thus the mean aortic pressure could be increased while the left atrial pressure was decreased and vice versa. If the left atrial pressure was taken into account, the mean difference of the aortic pressure from its expected value, derived from the aortic v left atrial pressure regression equation, was significantly higher when there was an arrhythmia than it was when there was no arrhythmia in all eight experiments. On the other hand, the mean difference in the left atrial pressure from its expected value was significantly higher when there was an arrhythmia in 1/8, lower in 2/8 and not significantly different in 5/8 experiments. It is concluded that when the blood pressure is raised, it is the increase in afterload rather than an increase in aortic pressure itself or in the preload that has an arrhythmogenic effect on the ventricles. |
| Arterial alterations with aging and high blood pressure. A noninvasive study of carotid and femoral arteries Benetos, A., S. Laurent, et al. (1993), Arterioscler Thromb 13(1): 90-7. Abstract: Noninvasive in situ evaluations of pulsatile changes of blood pressure and arterial diameter were performed at the sites of the common carotid and femoral arteries in a population of 78 untreated normotensive and hypertensive subjects. Arterial segments were studied by using an original echo-tracking technique for internal diameter and validated applanation tonometry for local pulse pressure measurements. Whereas mean arterial pressure is known to be identical in all parts of the arterial tree, pulse pressure was significantly lower in the carotid (52.7 +/- 2.2 mm Hg) than in the brachial (62.0 +/- 2.0 mm Hg) or femoral (62.5 +/- 2.5 mm Hg) arteries. Despite a higher pulse pressure and diastolic diameter, the femoral artery had a lower pulsatile change in diameter (3.47 +/- 0.18% versus 6.07 +/- 0.28%; p < 0.0001) and distensibility coefficient (9.36 +/- 0.58 versus 21.60 +/- 1.75 x 10(-3) kPa-1) than the carotid artery. Local cross-sectional compliance of the carotid artery was higher than that of the femoral artery (7.42 +/- 0.46 versus 6.20 +/- 0.28 m2.kPa-1.10(-7); p < 0.05). Whereas age was strongly correlated with arterial parameters at the site of the carotid artery (pulse pressure: r = 0.54, p < 0.0001; pulsatile change in arterial diameter: r = -0.62, p < 0.0001; distensibility coefficient: r = -0.70, p < 0.0001), no significant correlation was observed at the femoral artery. Mean blood pressure was the second factor of carotid artery alterations: the higher the mean blood pressure, the lower the distensibility of this artery (r = -0.36, p < 0.01).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) |
| Arterial blood pressure and high calcium diet in normal and mineralcorticoid (DOCA and sodium chloride hypertensive rats Pernot, F., A. Berthelot, et al. (1978), C R Seances Soc Biol Fil 172(6): 1214-9. Abstract: High calcium diet induces an hypertension lasting one week in normal rats. In mineralocorticoid treated rats (DOCA + NaCl), the same diet prevents for 10 weeks the increase of arterial blood pressure. Parathyroid activity (estimated by urinary cAMP) is decreased after the high calcium diet. These results confirm the role of the parathyroid glands in mineralocorticoid hypertension in the rat. |
| Arterial blood pressure of high school adolescents in Cracow--screening test Mareczek, S., S. Wyka, et al. (1995), Przegl Lek 52(4): 115-8. Abstract: The study aims at determining the actual standards of arterial blood pressure in adolescents (the unimode reading) and initial evaluation of risk of hypertension. Survey was carried out on sample of 2214 adolescents aged between 15 and 18, (1st and 2nd grade), BP was measured by medical staff (ununiformed) in the school medical office, between morning and noon, assuming group V auscultation as the measure of diastolic BP. Height, body mass and pulse rate was examined; students were asked to answer the questionnaire. Average values of systolic BP of 124.7 (+/- 14) mm Hg, diastolic BP of 73.1 (+/- 8.7) mm Hg, pulse 79.2 per minute, so called double product 9987. Searching for the criterion of hypertension, level of 95 percentiles amounted to: systolic BP of 148 mm Hg (145 in girls, 152 in boys), diastolic BP of 88 mm Hg (equal in both sexes). 162 subjects went beyond the level (7.3% of population): systolic BP of 106 (4.8% of students), diastolic BP of 81 (3.7%); 25 subjects (1.1%) exceeded both values. |
| Ascent to high altitude and blood pressure Dasgupta, D., R. Sen, et al. (1985), J Assoc Physicians India 33(8): 553. |
| Ask the doctor. For years, I have been taking reserpine for my high blood pressure. A younger doctor I recently saw had never met anyone taking it. Should I be switched to something new? Lee, T. H. (1999), Harv Heart Lett 10(1): 8. |
| Ask the doctor. I am a 70-year-old man with high blood pressure that I control with medication, diet, and exercise. My mother, aunt, and maternal grandfather all died in their 50s after a single stroke. Is there an inherited tendency to hemorrhagic stroke? Are there any precautions I can take? Lee, T. H. (2002), Harv Heart Lett 12(10): 8. |
| Ask the doctor. I am a 78-year-old woman and have been taking high blood pressure medications for many years. Maybe it s because I've lost a lot of weight I used to be quite heavy but my blood pressure has fallen to about 110/70 mm Hg. My doctor tells me that the lower my blood pressure, the better. But I worry that it's getting too low. What do you think? Lee, T. H. (2001), Harv Heart Lett 12(2): 8. |
| Ask the doctor. I am trying to decide whether to buy a home blood pressure monitor. I have mild high blood pressure (my doctor has recorded some readings lately in the vicinity of 170/90 mm Hg). He is starting me on medicines now. Should I lay out the money for a monitor? Lee, T. H. (2000), Harv Heart Lett 11(3): 8. |
| Ask the doctor. I first learned I had high blood pressure in the 1970s. Back then, I was told that the bottom number was the important one. Now I am hearing the opposite. Which is right? Lee, T. H. (1999), Harv Heart Lett 9(10): 8. |
| Ask the doctor. I have tried - and stopped - almost every medication known to man for treatment of high blood pressure. All of them have caused a serious side effect, impotence. Is there any medication out there or coming soon that can control blood pressure without causing impotence? Lee, T. H. (1999), Harv Heart Lett 9(11): 8. |
| Ask the doctor. I have used a medication called Aldomet for many years for my high blood pressure. Recently, I had to go to the hospital, and the young intern said that he had never heard of anyone using this drug and that it was something out of the history books. Should I be on another drug? Lee, T. H. (1999), Harv Heart Lett 9(11): 8. |
| Ask the Doctor. I take a beta blocker called atenolol and an ACE inhibitor every morning for my hypertension. When I get up in the morning, my blood pressure is high, but falls as the day goes on. It seems like it s always pretty good by the time I see my doctor, so she thinks everything is fine. Still, the high numbers worry me. Should I be on another drug? Lee, T. H. (2001), Harv Heart Lett 12(4): 8. |
| Ask the doctor. I take atenolol and lisinopril for my blood pressure. I have a blood pressure monitor that I use at home and I find that, on average, my pressure is 150/85 in the morning and 130/80 in the afternoon. Should I be worried about the high morning readings? Lee, T. H. (2000), Harv Heart Lett 10(7): 8. |
| Ask the Doctor. I'm 45 years old. At the doctor's office, my blood pressure readings are usually pretty high (the top number may reach 150 or 160), but my home monitor shows numbers more like 130/90. My doctor calls my problem "white-coat hypertension" and reassures me that it isn't dangerous. But it bothers me that my pressure shoots up like that. I have plenty of stressful moments every day, and my blood pressure must be going up then, too. Should I be on medication? Lee, T. H. (2001), Harv Heart Lett 11(7): 8. |
| Ask the doctor. Instead of nibbling on chips or crackers, I usually snack on nuts. I'm on a low-salt diet for high blood pressure, so I buy raw nuts at the store and roast them at home. Does this affect their fat or vitamin content? Lee, T. H. (2003), Harv Heart Lett 14(4): 8. |
| Ask the doctor. My blood pressure is 180/80 mm Hg. My doctor tells me this a common problem for people in their 70s, like me. The problem is that whenever I try medicines at doses high enough to get my top number under 140 mm Hg (which I understand to be the goal), I get exhausted or have other side effects. Do I really need to worry about my blood pressure when the bottom number is so good? Lee, T. H. (2000), Harv Heart Lett 11(3): 7-8. |
| Ask the doctor: I take a water pill for my high blood pressure, but just hate taking my potassium supplement - two teaspoons of a bitter liquid per day. Is there any better way to keep my potassium up? Lee, T. H. (1999), Harv Heart Lett 9(12): 8. |
| Assay of tocainide in blood by high-pressure liquid chromatography Wolshin, E. M., M. H. Cavanaugh, et al. (1978), J Pharm Sci 67(12): 1692-5. Abstract: A sensitive, specific, high-pressure liquid chromatographic assay for the determination of tocainide in whole blood is described. The residue from a methylene chloride extract of alkalinized blood was resolvated in a mobile phase of methanol--water (47:53) containing 1% acetic acid and 6.16 mM 1-octanesulfonic acid, adjusted to pH 4.0. Chromatography was performed on a reversed-phase column with detection at 254 or 225 nm. The limits of accurate measurement were 2 microgram/ml for a 1-ml blood sample monitored at 254 nm and 0.2 microgram/ml for a 2-ml sample monitored at 225 nm. The assay was tested on samples from emergency protocol patients and was also found suitable for single-dose pharmacokinetic studies. |
| Assessment of high blood pressure in 24-hours Holter records in hypertensive pregnant patients Liro, M., M. Swiatkowska-Freund, et al. (2003), Ginekol Pol 74(2): 144-9. Abstract: DESIGN: The aim of our study was to established possible a correlation between Holter blood pressure measurements and BP levels measured incidentally by the medical personnel. We also tried to evaluate usefulness of ABPM in monitoring intensification of the hypertension. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The research was performed on 57 pregnant women where pregnancies were complicated by hypertension (PIH or chronic hypertension). All patients were divided into four groups conforming with JNC VI protocol according to BP level measured in the time of the admission to hospital. Therefore circadian blood pressure profile was done by using ABPM SpaceLab device. After that BP load indicator was estimated in each group to assess intensification of the disease. However, we compared those results between groups by using t-Student test (p < 0.05). RESULTS: We qualified 22 patients to group 0 with SBP = 129,45 + 6.31 mmHg and DBP = 80.59 + 5.45 mmHg in the time of admission. There were 21 pregnant women with mild hypertension (group I SBP = 144,14 + 7.32 mmHg, DBP = 93.14 + 4.52 mmHg), moderate (group II, N = 8 with SBP = 153,88 + 5.54 mmHg and DBP = 101,34 + 3.78 mmHg) and severe hypertension (group III, N = 6 with SBP = 175,83 + 33.23 mmHg, DBP = 121 + 11.92 mmHg). BP load value measured in group 0 was 14.57 + 21.3% of SBP and 13.92 + 22.99% of DBP inappropriate results. In group I was found SBP 24.91 + 30.3%, DBP 23.12 + 26.01%, group II SBP 38.11 + 33.66%, DBP 26.31 + 22.75% and in group III SBP 59.3 + 38.76% and DBP 61.37 + 35.72%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Only between the group with normal blood pressure and the group with severe hypertension the obtained results were statistically significant (p < 0.05). We've also found a statistical correlation between BP values measured in the time of admission to the hospital and BP load indices in each group. |
| Assessment of the association between habitual salt intake and high blood pressure: methodological problems Liu, K., R. Cooper, et al. (1979), Am J Epidemiol 110(2): 219-26. Abstract: Despite the finding in cross-cultural comparisons that habitual sodium intake correlates with levels of blood pressure, similar studies from within population groups have yielded inconsistent results. The data presented in this report indicate that in industrialized societies the high degree of intra-individual variability of sodium intake, compared to much smaller inter-individual differences, may obscure potential biological correlations. A quantitative statistical method is presented to assess and minimize the effect of the large intra-individual variation in daily urinary sodium excretion. |
| Association between a functional variant of the KLOTHO gene and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, blood pressure, stroke, and longevity Arking, D. E., G. Atzmon, et al. (2005), Circ Res 96(4): 412-8. Abstract: We previously identified a functional variant of KLOTHO, termed KL-VS, that is associated with human aging and early-onset occult coronary artery disease. Here, we determine whether the KL-VS allele influences cardiovascular disease risk factors, cardiovascular events, and ultimately, mortality. A total of 525 Ashkenazi Jews composed of 216 probands (age > or =95 years) and 309 unrelated individuals (ages 51 to 94) were genotyped for the KL-VS allele. In concordance with our previous data in Czech individuals (age > or =79; P<0.01), a heterozygous advantage for longevity was observed for individuals > or =79 years of age (P<0.004). Combined analysis indicates a 1.57-fold (95% CI, 1.23 to 1.98) increased odds ratio (OR) for 5-year survival in two independent populations (P<0.0002). Cardiovascular disease risk factors were assessed through multivariate regression analysis, demonstrating that high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C; P<0.05) and systolic blood pressure (SBP; P<0.008) are associated with KL-VS genotype. History of vascular events was analyzed using logistic regression, indicating that after adjustment for traditional risk factors, heterozygous individuals were at significantly lower risk for stroke than wild-type individuals (OR, 5.88; 95% CI, 1.18 to 29.41), whereas homozygous KL-VS individuals had the highest risk (OR, 30.65; 95% CI, 2.55 to 368.00). Similarly, prospective analysis of mortality in probands using Cox regression indicates that wild-type individuals have a 2.15-fold (95% CI, 1.18 to 3.91) and homozygous KL-VS individuals a 4.49-fold (95% CI, 1.35 to 14.97) increase in relative risk for mortality after adjusting for potential confounders. Thus, cross-sectional and prospective studies confirm a genetic model in which the KL-VS allele confers a heterozygous advantage in conjunction with a marked homozygous disadvantage for HDL-C levels, SBP, stroke, and longevity. |
| Association between obesity and high blood pressure: reporting bias related to gender and age Chen, Y., D. C. Rennie, et al. (1998), Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 22(8): 771-7. Abstract: OBJECTIVE: To examine the validity of self-reported information on obesity and high blood pressure (HBP) in relation to gender and age, and to explore the impacts of their misclassification on the association between obesity and HBP. DESIGN: Community based cross-sectional study. SUBJECTS: 1791 adult subjects living in Humboldt, Saskatchewan, Canada. MEASUREMENTS: Objectively measured HBP was positive if systolic blood pressure (BP) was > or = 140 mm Hg, diastolic BP was > or = 90 mm Hg or the subject was currently using antihypertensive medication. Self-reported HBP was positive if the subjects gave an affirmative response to the question: 'Has a doctor ever said you had high blood pressure?' Body mass index (BMI) was calculated as weight (kg)/height (m)2. Obesity was defined as a BMI > 27 kg/m2. Measured obesity and reported obesity were based on measured and self-reported information on height and weight, respectively. RESULTS: The sensitivity of self-reported HBP was low, and was lower for men than for women, and for younger subjects than for older subjects. The specificity was similar for both genders. Obese individuals had higher sensitivity and lower specificity than non-obese individuals. The differential misclassification of self-reported HBP caused a bias away from the null when the relative risk for HBP in relation to obesity was estimated. CONCLUSIONS: As a result of the gender- and age-related misclassification of self-reported HBP, the modification role of gender and age on the association between obesity and HBP could be altered. The bias caused by self-reported obesity was relatively small and was either toward or away from the null. |
| Association between size at birth, truncal fat and obesity in adult life and its contribution to blood pressure and coronary heart disease; study in a high birth weight population Gunnarsdottir, I., B. E. Birgisdottir, et al. (2004), Eur J Clin Nutr 58(5): 812-8. Abstract: OBJECTIVE: The aim of the study was to assess the relationship between size at birth and obesity as well as truncal fat, and its contribution to cardiovascular risk in a high birth weight population. DESIGN: Cohort-study with retrospectively collected data on size at birth. SETTING: Reykjavik, Iceland. SUBJECTS: A total of 1874 men and 1833 women born in Reykjavik during 1914-1935. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Size at birth. Adult weight, height and skinfold thickness measurements, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, fatal and nonfatal coronary heart disease (CHD). RESULTS: Birth weight was positively related to adult body mass index (BMI) in both genders (B=0.35+/-0.14 kg/m(2), adj. R(2)=0.015, P=0.012 and B=0.34+/-0.17 kg/m(2), adj. R(2)=0.055, P=0.043 in men and women, respectively). However, high birth weight was not a risk factor for adult obesity (BMI>/=30 kg/m(2)). In the highest birth weight quartile, the odds ratio (95% CI) for being above the 90th percentile of truncal fat was 0.7 (0.6-1.0, P=0.021) for men and 0.4 (0.3-0.8, P=0.002) for women, compared with the lowest birth weight quartile. Truncal fat and BMI were positively related to blood pressure in both genders (P<0.05), but not to CHD. The regression coefficient for the inverse association between birth weight and blood pressure hardly changed when adding truncal fat to the model. CONCLUSION: In this high birth weight population, high birth weight was related to higher BMI in adulthood without being a risk factor for adult obesity. The inverse association between birth weight and truncal fat in adulthood suggests a role for foetal development in determining adult fat distribution. The inverse relationship of birth weight to blood pressure seems not to be mediated through the same pathway as to truncal fat. |
| Association of body mass index, blood pressure and serum levels of triglycerides and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol in childhood with the insulin sensitivity index in young adulthood: a 13-year follow-up Clausen, J. O., H. Ibsen, et al. (1996), J Cardiovasc Risk 3(5): 427-33. Abstract: BACKGROUND: Tracking of body mass index (BMI), blood pressure and serum lipids from childhood to adulthood has been demonstrated in previous studies. Whether these factors are associated with the insulin-sensitivity index measured in young adulthood (ISIadult) remains undetermined. OBJECTIVES: To determine whether any association exists between the ISIadult and BMI, blood pressure and plasma lipids measured in childhood (1979). METHODS: The study included 227 unrelated white subjects (aged 18-32 years). Their ISIadult were measured in 1992/93 with a combined intravenous glucose (0.3 gl/kg body weight) and tolbutamide (3 mg/kg body weight) tolerance test. BMI, blood pressure and blood lipids were measured in 1979 and again in 1992/93. RESULTS: In men, plasma high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDLC) in 1979 (rs = 0.25, F = 0.006) was positively associated with ISIadult and plasma triglyceride measured in 1979 (rs = -0.34, P = 0.001). BMI (rs = -0.29, P = 0.002) and systolic blood pressure, both measured in 1979 (rs = -0.29, P = 0.002) were associated negatively with ISIadult. In women, plasma HDLC measured in 1979 was associated positively and significantly with ISIadult (rs = 0.21, P = 0.024) and BMI measured in 1979 was associated significantly and negatively with ISIadult (rs = -0.22, P = 0.018). Plasma triglyceride or systolic blood pressure, both measured in 1979, were not associated with ISIadult. In gender-stratified multiple-regression analyses controlling for waist circumference(adult) maximal aerobic capacity (VO2max(adult)), age and women's use of oral contraceptives, plasma HDLC measured in 1979 was associated significantly with ISIadult in men (P = 0.026) but not in women (P = 0.066). A negative association was found between plasma triglyceride measured in 1979 and ISIadult (P = 0.045) in men, but not in women (P = 0.30). BMI, total cholesterol and systolic and diastolic blood pressure, all measured in 1979, were not associated with ISIadult. CONCLUSION: Low plasma HDLC, high plasma triglyceride and high BMI in childhood are associated with low insulin-sensitivity index values in young adulthood. |
| Association of the human Y chromosome with high blood pressure in the general population Ellis, J. A., M. Stebbing, et al. (2000), Hypertension 36(5): 731-3. Abstract: Genetic variation in the Y chromosome has significant effects on male blood pressure in experimental animals, but the effects in humans are unknown. We examined the relationship between blood pressure and a polymorphic HINdIII restriction site in the nonrecombining region of the Y chromosome in 409 randomly selected men from the general population. Carefully standardized measures of systolic and diastolic blood pressures were made. The HINdIII restriction site was significantly more common (43.2%) in men in the lowest decile of the diastolic blood pressure distribution than men in the highest decile (15.9%, P=0.007). No significant difference in genotype frequency was observed between the lowest and highest deciles for systolic pressure (32.4% versus 27.8%, P=0.66). In the entire group, men with the HIN:dIII restriction site had significantly lower diastolic blood pressures (81.2 mm Hg, SD:8.3, versus 83.2 mm Hg, SD:8.7, P=0.03). No significant differences in systolic blood pressure (130.6 mm Hg, SD:14.7, versus 128.3 mm Hg, SD:13.6) were observed in relation to genotypes. Our results indicate that genetic variation in the human Y chromosome is associated with high blood pressure and contributes significantly to the quantitative variation of male diastolic blood pressure in the general population. |
| Associations between plasma insulin and high blood pressure Chen, C., J. Liu, et al. (1992), Zhonghua Nei Ke Za Zhi 31(6): 354-6, 381. Abstract: We studied the relationship between plasma insulin level and hypertension in 510 cases with normal glucose tolerance and impaired glucose tolerance. In nonobese group (BMI < 25kg/m2), plasma insulin was higher in those with hypertension than those with normal blood pressure (P < 0.0001). There was no correlation between diastole blood pressure and plasma insulin; multiple regression analysis showed that fasting plasma insulin was significantly associated with systolic blood pressure after controlling age, BMI and plasma glucose level (beta = 0.27, P = 0.0078). The result suggested that age, BMI and plasma insulin level were independent risk factors of hypertension. In obese group (BMI > 25kg/m2), blood pressure was significantly associated with age and BMI, there was no association between blood pressure and plasma insulin level. |
| Atlanta Community High Blood Pressure Program methods of community hypertension screening Wilber, J. A., D. Millward, et al. (1972), Circ Res 31(9): Suppl 2:101-9. |
| Atrial natriuretic factor, the kidney and high blood pressure Hamet, P. and J. Tremblay (1989), Clin Invest Med 12(5): 329-35. Abstract: The discovery of atrial natriuretic factor (ANF) constitutes a major advance in our knowledge of negative cell regulatory pathways leading to vasodilation. The biochemical mechanisms of the action of ANF at the cellular level appear to be mediated by the cGMP- particulate guanylate cyclase system. In the kidney, the main cGMP increasing effect of ANF occurs at the level of the glomeruli, but it appears that action of ANF at the lowest part of the distal tubule is required for its natriuretic activity. Although most current knowledge concerning ANF has been obtained with pharmacological doses of the hormone, it appears that endogenous manipulations of ANF, such as those occurring with postural change, are associated with physiological consequences including increases of cGMP, natriuresis, and diuresis. In both experimental and human hypertension, increased plasma levels of ANF are secondary to higher blood pressure. In hypertension, the administration of ANF leads to an exaggerated renal response. We propose as a hypothesis that an abnormality in the expression of a vasodilatory system, such as ANF-cGMP, may play a role in the pathogenesis of hypertension. |
| Attenuation of high blood pressure by primrose oil, linseed oil and sunflowerseed oil in spontaneously hypertensive rats Singer, P., E. Naumann, et al. (1984), Biomed Biochim Acta 43(8-9): S243-6. |
| Auscultatory measurement of the blood pressure according to Riva-Rocci/Korotkoff and the errors caused by thinness of extremities and due to the presence of pulse pressure with high frequency. Anschutz, F. (1954), Z Kreislaufforsch 43(9-10): 344-8. |
| Autometrically and automatically monitored, iatrogenous, inhalant-decongestant-associated high blood pressure quantified by rhythmometry Scarpelli, P. T., L. Scarpelli, et al. (1987), Prog Clin Biol Res 227B: 183-200. Abstract: Blood pressure and heart rate were oscillometrically monitored with an automatic Nippon Colin instrument (Komaki, Japan) and were also self-measured by a 20-year-old man treated with an inhalant-decongestant containing an adrenergic and a corticosteroid analog. The subject also collected 24-hr urines for aldosterone determination. An elevation of urinary aldosterone excretion was observed compared to the usual value range of a peer group. After removal of the drug, urinary aldosterone dropped as did urinary potassium, whereas plasma potassium rose. Chronobiologic serial sections, carried out to follow the time course of blood pressure and heart rate, showed decreasing trends in MESOR after discontinuance of treatment. A decrease in the hyperbaric index, a measure of blood pressure excess over 24 hr, was also observed. Another subject treated with the same and a third treated with a similar inhalant-decongestant, who also monitored their blood pressures automatically and/or with self-measurements, showed similar effects: a decrease in blood pressure after removal of treatment and an increase in blood pressure when (for testing only) treatment was briefly resumed. |
| Autonomic system activity and 24-hour blood pressure variations in subjects with normal- and high-tension glaucoma Riccadonna, M., G. Covi, et al. (2003), J Glaucoma 12(2): 156-63. Abstract: PURPOSE: As suggested by findings of abnormal responses to posture in patients with normal-tension glaucoma (NTG), cardiovascular autoregulation may also be defective in primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG). PATIENTS AND METHODS: Both 24-hour ambulatory blood pressure monitoring and the head-up tilt test were performed in 17 subjects with NTG and in 13 subjects with high-tension POAG (ht-POAG). These groups were compared with 17 age-matched healthy individuals. Subjects undergoing cardiovascular therapy were excluded. RESULTS: No significant differences in diurnal and nocturnal blood pressure and heart rate were found between the groups. A significant reduction in diurnal heart rate variability was found in NTG (12.1 +/- 2.8 bpm) compared with the ht-POAG (15.0 +/- 2.4 bpm, P < 0.01) and control groups (15.8 +/- 3.0 bpm, P = 0.01). Nocturnal diastolic blood pressure variability was also reduced in NTG (6.9 +/- 2.2 mm Hg) compared with controls (8.6 +/- 2.3 mm Hg, P < 0.05) as was heart rate variability (6.3 +/- 1.4 vs 8.3 +/- 2.6 in ht-POAG, P < 0.05), suggesting blunted blood pressure and heart rate modulation in NTG subjects. Spectral analysis of short-term heart rate variability showed a significant reduction of total power in the supine position (1064 +/- 600 in NTG vs 1688 +/- 889 ms2 in controls, P < 0.05). This was not accompanied either by a physiological reduction in total power or in a high-frequency component during the passive orthostatic stimulus. These differences tend to become more prominent in the clinically more severe forms of NTG (as identified by scores based on the extent of optic disk excavation, visual field damage, and progression of disease). This would suggest a correlation between the extent of autonomic disorder and severity of glaucoma. The alpha index (root-square of low-frequency heart rate to low-frequency blood pressure ratio) was lower in the supine position in NTG subjects (8.1 +/- 3.1 vs 10.6 +/- 3.3 ms/mm Hg in controls, P < 0.05), confirming the reduced baroreflex sensitivity. CONCLUSIONS: The results confirm the hypothesis that dysfunction of autonomic control of the cardiovascular response may be a contributing pathogenetic factor in NTG, inducing a chronic ischemia of the optic nerve. |
| Autoregulation as a factor in peripheral resistance and flow: clinical implications for analysis of high blood pressure Pickering, T. G. and J. H. Laragh (1980), Am J Med 68(6): 801-2. |
| Awareness of high blood pressure increases arterial plasma catecholamines, platelet noradrenaline and adrenergic responses to mental stress Rostrup, M., H. H. Mundal, et al. (1991), J Hypertens 9(2): 159-66. Abstract: Thirty-six, 19-year-old men within the 95th percentile of mean blood pressure (110 mmHg) at a routine medical screening were randomized into two groups and requested to return for a follow-up visit in 2 weeks. One group was sent a neutral letter, while the other was sent a letter conveying the information that their blood pressures were elevated. After 15 min sitting in the laboratory, there was a significantly higher heart rate (P less than 0.05) in the informed group. Thirteen informed and 13 uninformed subjects were examined further by intra-arterial blood pressure recording and serial sampling of arterial catecholamines during cold pressor and mental stress tests. The study was undertaken examiner-blind. Informing the subjects of high blood pressure increased both baseline plasma noradrenaline (P less than 0.01) and adrenaline (P less than 0.05) and intraplatelet noradrenaline (P less than 0.05). Blood pressure (P less than 0.05) and heart rate (P less than 0.05) increased significantly more in the informed group when the subjects were told of the cold pressor test. In addition, there were exaggerated adrenaline (P less than 0.05) and diastolic blood pressure (P less than 0.05) responses to mental stress in the informed group. Thus, awareness of high blood pressure in young men may increase sympathetic tone and responses as measured in the laboratory. Conclusions from studies on early pathogenesis of essential hypertension should therefore be drawn with more caution when patients are aware of their high blood pressure. |
| Awareness of high blood pressure influences on psychological and sympathetic responses Rostrup, M. and O. Ekeberg (1992), J Psychosom Res 36(2): 117-23. Abstract: The aim of the present study was to examine the effects of awareness of hypertension on psychological factors and whether there was an association between psychological and sympathetic responses. To avoid self-selection bias 32 19-yr old white men, all with mean blood pressure of 116 mm Hg were randomized into two groups. One group was informed that the blood pressure was elevated and asked to come to a second examination while the other was invited to take part in a coronary heart disease prevention program. A cold pressor test was undertaken and the subjects completed the Karolinska Scale of Personality (KSP). Assessed by the KSP, the informed group showed lower verbal aggression (p less than 0.01), irritability (p less than 0.05), monotony avoidance (p less than 0.05) and impulsiveness (p less than 0.05), higher detachment (p less than 0.05) but no significant differences in the other subscales like anxiety, psychasthenia or factors of hostility. Information significantly increased resting blood pressure and increments in heart rate and plasma adrenaline responses to cold pressor test. Thus, both psychological and sympathetic responses were influenced by awareness of high blood pressure. There were significant correlations between less assertive behaviour and increased plasma catecholamines. |