| For medical practitioners and the general public - High Blood Pressure Journal Article Catalog. |
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| Awareness of high blood pressure stimulates platelet release reaction Rostrup, M., H. H. Mundal, et al. (1990), Thromb Haemost 63(3): 367-70. Abstract: The present study aimed at testing the hypothesis of a link between mental stress and blood platelet function. Twenty-nine 19-year-old men were recruited from the 98th percentile of mean blood pressure (116 mmHg) at a routine medical screening. They were not informed about their elevated blood pressures at the time of the screening. One year later they were randomized into two groups. Group 1 (n = 16) was exposed to mental stress by a letter informing them about their high blood pressure, while group 2 (n = 13) was sent a neutral letter. At an examination 2 weeks later, heart rate (p less than 0.05) and plasma adrenaline (p less than 0.05) responses to a cold pressor test were exaggerated in the informed group. The plasma beta-thromboglobulin (beta TG) concentration was elevated in the informed group (p less than 0.05) as was mean blood pressure (p less than 0.05). beta TG correlated positively with hematocrit (r = 0.59, p less than 0.005) and mean blood pressure (r = 0.43, p less than 0.05), and negatively with plasma HDL (r = -0.61, p = 0.001). The study shows that awareness of hypertension induces a hyperadrenergic state which is associated with the platelet release reaction. Under these circumstances platelet release seems to be correlated to established coronary heart disease risk factors. |
| Awareness, knowledge, and attitudes of older americans about high blood pressure: implications for health care policy, education, and research Egan, B. M., D. T. Lackland, et al. (2003), Arch Intern Med 163(6): 681-7. Abstract: BACKGROUND: The prevalence of high blood pressure (HBP), particularly isolated systolic hypertension, rises with age, whereas control rates decline. METHODS: Since awareness, knowledge, and attitudes about HBP can influence control, information on these factors was obtained by telephone interview of a nationally representative sample of 1503 adults 50 years or older. RESULTS: Among Americans 50 years or older, 94% had at least one blood pressure (BP) measurement during the past year, yet 46% did not know their BP. Only 27% acknowledged current HBP, although 37% reported taking antihypertensive medications. Systolic hypertension was probably underrecognized, since 30% who reported a value of 140 mm Hg or higher indicated they did not have HBP. Among those acknowledging current HBP, 80% reported taking medications "precisely as prescribed." Of the approximately 20% of hypertensive patients no longer taking medications or taking fewer medications than prescribed, cost was a major factor in approximately 1 in 5 or roughly 4% of the total. Sixty percent of patients receiving treatment indicated that medications alone do not control HBP. Most survey respondents (>or=90%) concurred that several lifestyle changes lower BP; 75% reported a lifestyle change; and 61% indicated it lowered their BP. When asked what HBP information was most important, 34% reported alternative therapies and 28% reported prevention strategies. CONCLUSIONS: Limited awareness of systolic hypertension emerges as a greater barrier to BP control than cost of medications in Americans 50 years or older. Many older Americans prefer to integrate traditional, complementary, and alternative strategies. Education addressing limited awareness of systolic hypertension, policies facilitating a more holistic management approach, and research identifying the most effective innovations may improve outcomes. |
| Awareness, use, and impact of the 1984 Joint National Committee consensus report on high blood pressure Hill, M. N., D. M. Levine, et al. (1988), Am J Public Health 78(9): 1190-4. Abstract: A random sample of Maryland physicians stratified by practice specialty (family, general, internal medicine, cardiology, and nephrology) was surveyed before and one year after dissemination of the 1984 Report of the Third Joint National Committee on the Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure (The JNC III Report). Fourty-four per cent of the total eligible sample responded to both questionnaires. One year after publication, 62 per cent of physicians participating in both parts of the study were aware of the report. Although availability of a copy (58 per cent), familiarity with the recommendations (81 per cent), and the extent to which care was based on the guidelines (65 per cent) were high, use of the report in practice (17 per cent) and the amount of change in practice behavior required to adhere to the guidelines (18 per cent) were low. Prior to publication of the report, more than two-thirds of responding physicians were found to be practicing in a manner congruent with nine of ten treatment recommendations studied. One year after JNC III's release, they reported practice behavior which was not significantly different. It seems that this consensus report codified, rather than changed, practice behavior in this sample. |
| Basal high blood pressure cosegregates with the loci on chromosome 1 in the F2 generation from crosses between normotensive Wistar Kyoto rats and stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rats Nara, Y., T. Nabika, et al. (1993), Biochem Biophys Res Commun 194(3): 1344-51. Abstract: We investigated the linkage between high blood pressure (BP) and microsatellite genotypes in the independently produced F2 progenies between Wistar Kyoto rats (WKY) and stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRSP) at the age of 2.5, 3 and 5 months before salt loading and after 2 month salt loading. In 2.5, 3 and 5 month-old male and female F2 progenies, blood pressure was significantly higher in homozygotes of the SHRSP allele at the two loci on rat chromosome 1, leukosianine (LSN) and myosin light chain (MYL2), than those of heterozygotes or WKY homozygotes. However, this strong cosegregation was attenuated after salt loading for 2 months. Basal (non salt-loaded) blood pressure strongly cosegregates with the loci on rat chromosome 1 and, therefore, putative gene(s) in this region contribute to the development of basal high blood pressure in SHRSP. |
| Be careful with high blood pressure! A warning to physicians also Balossi, E. C. and J. H. Hauger-Klevene (1980), Bol Oficina Sanit Panam 88(6): 502-6. |
| Beating high blood pressure with low-sodium DASH Greenland, P. (2001), N Engl J Med 344(1): 53-5. |
| Behavior changes and the prevention of high blood pressure. Workshop II. AHA Prevention Conference III. Behavior change and compliance: keys to improving cardiovascular health Levine, D. M., J. D. Cohen, et al. (1993), Circulation 88(3): 1387-90. |
| Behavior of cations antagonistic to permeability of the blood and aqueous humor, with an effect on intraocular pressure, in experimental hypobarism of high altitude Carapancea, M. and E. Udrescu (1971), Fiziol Norm Patol 17(2): 135-42. |
| Behavioral stress potentiates the blood pressure effects of a high sodium intake Haythornthwaite, J. A., R. E. Pratley, et al. (1992), Psychosom Med 54(2): 231-9. Abstract: The present study examined the blood pressure effects of a high sodium intake administered during two levels of behavioral stress. In this double-blind study, 32 medical students were randomly assigned to receive either sodium chloride (high sodium) or placebo tablets (usual sodium). Resting blood pressure and body weight were recorded across a 14-day period preceding examinations (high stress) and during the summer when academic demands were reduced (low stress). The high sodium intake during the high stress period was associated with greater elevations in resting systolic blood pressure and mean arterial pressure than either the usual sodium intake during the high stress period or the high sodium intake during a low stress period. These findings suggest that behaviorally induced neuroendocrine responses can potentiate a blood pressure response to a high sodium intake. |
| Behavioral treatment of high blood pressure II. Acute and sustained effects of relaxation and systolic blood pressure biofeedback Glasgow, M. S., K. R. Gaarder, et al. (1982), Psychosom Med 44(2): 155-70. Abstract: The effects on blood pressure of regular patient and professional monitoring of blood pressure, extensive patient-involved assessment of results, relaxation, and systolic blood pressure biofeedback are analyzed by comparisons of data from two 3-month treatment periods with results from a 1-month baseline period and by comparisons among control and treatment groups. Ninety borderline hypertensive patients completed the treatments. Major findings are: A Acute effects; 1) Both relaxation and systolic blood pressure biofeedback lowered blood pressure acutely. 2) Improvement in performance of relaxation and biofeedback with practice showed that they are learned skills. 3) Acutely, relaxation and biofeedback were equally effective for lowering systolic blood pressure, but relaxation lowered diastolic blood pressure more. B. Long-term effects; 1) Blood pressure declined for at least 6 months with regular monitoring and patient-involved assessment. 2) The greatest lowering of blood pressure by behavioral intervention occurred during periods when pressures tended to be highest. 3) A combination of relaxation and biofeedback, with biofeedback preceding relaxation, was better than either used alone and slightly, but not significantly, better than relaxation preceding biofeedback. 4) The long-term effects of biofeedback were slightly greater than those of relaxation. A staged, incremental behavioral treatment of borderline hypertension is proposed. |
| Behavioral treatment of high blood pressure. I. Analyses of intra- and interdaily variations of blood pressure during a one-month, baseline period Engel, B. T., K. R. Gaarder, et al. (1981), Psychosom Med 43(3): 255-70. Abstract: A group of 125 patients was enrolled in a study designed to evaluate the effectiveness of two behavioral treatments of high blood pressure, "relaxation' and systolic blood pressure "biofeedback." All patients monitored their pressures three times daily and also had their pressures recorded by a health professional weekly for a one-month, baseline period. This article reports only the results form the baseline period. The main findings are: 1) extensive self-monitoring of blood pressure is feasible and practical; 2) systolic pressure rises throughout the day, but is highest in the afternoon; 3) diastolic pressure falls form morning to evening, but is highest in the afternoon; 4) intradaily range of systolic but not diastolic blood pressure is higher among women than among men; 5) both systolic and diastolic pressures fall throughout the first 3 weeks; 6) standard deviations and ranges of self-determined blood pressures are highly intercorrelated; however, changes in professionally measured blood pressures are poorly correlated with these indices of blood pressure lability; 7) systolic pressure levels, rates of decline throughout the baseline period and lability indices are correlated with age, but comparable measures of diastolic blood pressure are not correlated with age. |
| Behavioral treatment of high blood pressure: III. Follow-up results and treatment recommendations Engel, B. T., M. S. Glasgow, et al. (1983), Psychosom Med 45(1): 23-9. Abstract: This article is the third in a series of studies designed to evaluate systolic blood pressure biofeedback and relaxation in the treatment of elevated blood pressure. It reports on the posttreatment follow-up results. The main findings were that patients who received the behavioral treatments could achieve and sustain reductions in blood pressure for at least 18 months. Furthermore, a number of patients who were receiving diuretic therapy to control their pressures were able to maintain reduced pressure for at least 9 months after discontinuing medication. A model for a behavioral-stepped care program is proposed. |
| Beliefs about high blood pressure prevention in a survey of blacks and Hispanics Kumanyika, S., D. D. Savage, et al. (1989), Am J Prev Med 5(1): 21-6. Abstract: Beliefs about the potential for high blood pressure prevention were assessed during a telephone survey of cardiovascular risk factor awareness among black and Hispanic adults in Chicago, Illinois. A high proportion of those interviewed-82% of blacks and 69% of Hispanics--thought a person could do something to prevent getting high blood pressure and either selected one or more of several possible preventive measures listed by the interviewer or volunteered other measures. Awareness of two widely cited prevention possibilities that may be particularly important for black and Hispanic populations--lowering salt intake and maintaining ideal weight--was low. Fewer than half of the respondents in this survey (44% of blacks and 26% of Hispanics) thought that lowering salt intake would help prevent high blood pressure. An even smaller number (10% of blacks and 20% of Hispanics) thought that maintaining ideal weight would help prevent high blood pressure. Moreover, other measures that are unrelated to high blood pressure or for which a relation to high blood pressure is not well established were selected frequently. These findings were contrary to our expectations, because black and Hispanic populations have been targeted by the National High Blood Pressure Education campaign and because high levels of awareness in other areas of cardiovascular disease risk were observed in this sample. These data suggest that awareness of potential strategies for high blood pressure prevention among black and Hispanic communities needs to be addressed specifically in related educational campaigns. |
| Benefits and potential harm of lowering high blood pressure Cruickshank, J. M., J. M. Thorp, et al. (1987), Lancet 1(8533): 581-4. Abstract: To investigate whether the lower the blood pressure (BP) the better the prognosis for the patient with moderate-to-severe hypertension, an assessment was made of 902 patients who received the beta 1-selective beta-blocker atenolol (median dose 100 mg a day), either alone or with other antihypertensive agents, for up to 10 years (mean 6.1). 91 died, 40 from myocardial infarction, 21 from stroke, and 30 from other causes. Initial BP was a poor predictor of mortality from myocardial infarction, whereas treated systolic blood pressure (SBP) was a strong predictor. There was a J-shaped relation, confined to those with evidence of ischaemic heart disease, between frequency of death from myocardial infarction and treated DBP (phase V); the frequency was lowest at treated DBP of 85-90 mm Hg and rose with treated DBP on either side of this range. |
| Beta blockers and the primary prevention of nonfatal myocardial infarction in patients with high blood pressure Psaty, B. M., T. D. Koepsell, et al. (1990), Am J Cardiol 66(16): 12G-14G. Abstract: A population-based, case-control study was conducted to determine whether beta blockers, used for the treatment of high blood pressure, prevent first events of coronary heart disease. All study subjects were health-maintenance organization enrollees with pharmacologically treated hypertension. Patients presented in 1982 to 1984 with new coronary heart disease, and control subjects were a probability sample of eligible hypertensive enrollees free of coronary heart disease. With the investigators blind to case-control status, the subjects' medical records were reviewed for other coronary risk factors, and the health-maintenance organization's computerized pharmacy database was used to ascertain the use of beta blockers. A larger proportion of controls than cases were using beta blockers. This difference was confined to the subgroup with nonfatal myocardial infarctions. For current use, the estimated relative risk for nonfatal myocardial infarction was 0.62 (95% confidence interval, 0.39 to 0.99). Among current users of beta blockers, higher doses conferred greater protection. Past use and total lifetime intake of beta blockers were only weakly associated with case-control status. The current use of beta blockers may prevent first events of nonfatal myocardial infarction in patients with high blood pressure. |
| Beta-blockers and primary prevention of coronary heart disease in patients with high blood pressure Psaty, B. M., T. D. Koepsell, et al. (1989), Jama 261(14): 2087-94. Abstract: We conducted a population-based, case-control study to determine whether beta-blockers, used for the treatment of hypertension, prevent first events of coronary heart disease. Cases were patients who had high blood pressure treated with medicines and who presented in 1982 to 1984 with angina or fatal or nonfatal myocardial infarction. Controls were a probability sample of health maintenance organization patients with pharmacologically treated hypertension and free of coronary heart disease. Blinded to case-control status, we reviewed the medical records of the 248 cases and 737 controls. The health maintenance organization's computerized pharmacy database was used to ascertain the use of beta-blockers. Fewer cases than controls were taking beta-blockers. This difference was confined to those with nonfatal infarctions. After adjustment for confounding, the estimated relative risk was 0.62 (95% confidence interval, 0.39 to 0.99). Higher doses of beta-blockers conferred greater protection. We conclude that beta-blockers may prevent first events of nonfatal myocardial infarction in patients with high blood pressure. |
| Biased appraisal of high blood pressure Croyle, R. T. (1990), Prev Med 19(1): 40-4. Abstract: Two experiments were conducted to determine the effects of individuals' beliefs concerning their own blood pressure level on their appraisals of the seriousness of high blood pressure. In Experiment 1, 40 college students had their blood pressure measured and were randomly assigned to receive either high or normal blood pressure feedback. Afterward, they were asked to rate the seriousness of high blood pressure. Subjects who were given high blood pressure feedback rated the disorder as a less serious threat to health than did those subjects who received normal feedback. The results were replicated in Experiment 2 among a second sample of college students. Experiment 2 also revealed that minimization is associated with the belief that hypertension is an acute or cyclical condition. These experimental findings confirm clinical evidence that minimization is a common initial reaction to threatening medical information. |
| Biosocial aspects of high blood pressure in people of the Bahamas Halberstein, R. A. and J. E. Davies (1984), Hum Biol 56(2): 317-28. |
| Birth characteristics and risk of high systolic blood pressure in early adulthood: socioeconomic factors and familial effects Bergvall, N., A. Iliadou, et al. (2005), Epidemiology 16(5): 635-40. Abstract: BACKGROUND: Although an inverse association between size at birth and blood pressure has been found in several studies, few studies have adjusted for the influence of socioeconomic and familial effects. METHODS: We investigated whether the association between birth weight and systolic blood pressure in young men is confounded by socioeconomic factors in adolescence or familial factors (ie, common genes and shared environment). Our population-based cohort study comprised 330,768 Swedish men born between 1973 and 1981, and conscripted for military service between 1991 and 2000. The analyses of family effects were restricted to 89,856 siblings from the initial cohort. A high systolic blood pressure at conscription was defined as a systolic blood pressure >/=140 mm Hg. Birth weight for gestational age <-2 standard deviation scores was considered "light for gestational age." RESULTS: Compared with men who had normal birth weight for gestational age, men who had been born light for gestational age were at increased risk of high systolic blood pressure (odds ratio = 1.14; 95% confidence interval = 1.07-1.22), even after adjustment for important confounders such as socioeconomic status. The increase in risk of high systolic blood pressure related to 1 standard deviation score decrease in birth weight for gestational age was similar within families (1.08; 1.04-1.12) and between families (1.05; 1.03-1.08). CONCLUSIONS: This study suggests that low birth weight for gestational age slightly increases the risk of high systolic blood pressure, and that the association appears not to be confounded by socioeconomic or familial effects. |
| Blacks and high blood pressure Hogan, A. (1990), J Tenn Med Assoc 83(9): 466-7. |
| Blood count and radioreaction of the blood cells under hyperbaric oxygenation in a high-pressure chamber (animal experiments) Teske, H. J. and H. J. Braumer (1968), Rev Obstet Ginecol Venez 28(3): 572-7. |
| Blood flow and glucose consumption in the optic nerve, retina and brain: effects of high intraocular pressure Sperber, G. O. and A. Bill (1985), Exp Eye Res 41(5): 639-53. Abstract: Glucose consumption and regional blood flow were determined using the 14C-2-deoxyglucose (2-DG) method and microspheres in the optic nerve, the retina and different parts of the brain in monkeys. The relationship between the 2-DG accumulation and blood flow in the optic nerve head region was similar to that in grey matter of the brain under pentobarbital anaesthesia as well as under urethan anaesthesia. Pentobarbital anaesthesia resulted in lower values for blood flow and glucose metabolism in most regions. In the optic nerve the highest values were observed in the distal part; there was a fall in blood flow and metabolism along the nerve. There was a corresponding increase in myelin content. Artificial increments in intraocular pressure resulting in a perfusion pressure (mean arterial pressure minus intraocular pressure) of 40 cm H2O had no appreciable effect on the 2-DG accumulation. At a perfusion pressure of 20 cm H2O 2-DG accumulation in the retina and prelaminar part of the optic nerve was markedly increased indicating partial ischemia resulting in anaerobic glycolysis. At intraocular pressures higher than the systolic arterial blood pressure there was still some accumulation of 2-DG in the intraocular tissues, but no blood flow, which indicates that glucose could diffuse into the eye through the sclera. Behind the lamina cribrosa there was no indication of a reduction in blood flow or a metabolic disturbance. The results indicate that the blood flow and metabolism of the retina and prelaminar part of the optic nerve is disturbed only at very high intraocular pressures, and that even at extreme pressures there is no disturbance behind the lamina cribrosa in acute experiments. The 2-DG method will be useful in further studies on the nutritional status of the optic nerve head since it can detect abnormal glycolysis even in very discrete regions due to its high spatial resolution. |
| Blood flow distribution within the spleen distended by perfusion at high venous pressure Levesque, M. J. and A. C. Groom (1980), J Lab Clin Med 96(4): 606-15. Abstract: Red cell washout from the isolated, Ringer-perfused cat spleen, dilated by perfusion at elevated venous pressure (25 cm H2O), was compared with that from the relaxed spleen perfused under normal venous pressure (6 to 8 cm H2O). Cell concentrations in the outflow were measured by a Celloscope counter and plotted on semi-logarithmic paper as a function of the volume of Ringer solution perfused. Washout kinetics from relaxed spleens yielded three exponential components, the V 1/2's being 3.1, 121, and 585 ml, respectively. In the case of dilated spleens, however, only two components were found. For spleens dilated, before washout, with blood in vivo the V 1/2 value were 50 and 415 ml; for normal spleens dilated in vitro, before washout, by Ringer perfusion at high venous pressure the V 1/2 values were 60 and 439 ml. The results indicate a greatly altered intrasplenic blood flow distribution in the presence of a high splenic venous pressure; the customary fast cmponent of flow is absent, and the blood appears to be directed entirely through the pulp. This must be the situation, presumably, in congestive splenomegaly arising from portal hypertension. |
| Blood flow in rat brain during exposure to high oxygen pressure Torbati, D., D. Parolla, et al. (1978), Aviat Space Environ Med 49(8): 963-7. Abstract: Total cerebral blood flow and blood flow in 10 brain structures of unanesthetized rats were measured by the indicator fractionation technique under different oxygen pressures. The first electrical discharge seen under high oxygen pressure was considered as an early sign of brain oxygen toxicity. It was found that the effect of high oxygen pressure on cerebral blood flow was time- and pressure-dependent. Exposure to 2 and 3.5 ATA of O2 led to vasoconstriction. Exposure to 5 ATA of O2 produced an initial vasoconstriction followed by a secondary vasodilatation to normal level. Cerebral blood flow was not reduced during exposure to 7 ATA of oxygen. Non-decreased blood flow preceded the appearance of the first electrical discharge in all investigated structures of the brain. There was no change in electrical activity of the brain as long as a decrease in cerebral blood flow was maintained. It is suggested that changes in electrical activity of the brain may be produced by toxic levels of brain tissue PO2. Vasoconstriction resulting in decreased cerebral blood flow was considered as a protective mechanism against the toxic effects of high tissue PO2. |
| Blood levels of homocysteine by high pressure liquid chromatography and comparison with two other techniques Ceppa, F., I. Drouillard, et al. (1999), Ann Biol Clin (Paris) 57(4): 474-80. Abstract: Cardio-vascular diseases are the most common cause of death in industrialized countries. A new marker has emerged among offending risk factors in the past few years: homocysteine. This sulphured amino-acid is an important intermediate in transsulphuration and remethylation reactions of methionine's metabolism.We proposed to evaluate a home made method of determination for this parameter by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and to compare it to fluorescence polarization immunoassay technique (FPIA) and to gaz phase chromatography (CG-SM). This method associated with good sensibility and precision remain much less expensive than FPIA technique. |
| Blood lidocaine concentration--comparison between enzyme- immunoassay and high pressure liquid chromatography Ogawa, H., M. Inaba, et al. (1984), Masui 33(1): 50-5. |
| Blood loss and absorption in TURP vs. TUVRP under low pressure and high pressure conditions Bliem, F., M. Lamche, et al. (2003), Urologe A 42(11): 1477-84. Abstract: This study analyzes the causes of different fluid absorption and loss of blood in TURP (transurethral resection of the prostate) and also compares TURP with TUVRP (transurethral vaporesection of the prostate). Continuous intraoperative, intravesical pressure measurement and registration of the extent of fluid absorption (measurement of C(2)H(5)OH in the patient's expiratory air) and precise intra- and postoperative analysis of serum and ASTRUP analysis made it possible to differentiate between high- and low-pressure TUR. In addition positive and negative characteristics of TUVRP could be examined. When fluid absorption was registered, a clear correlation between C(2)H(5)OH absorption and decrease in serum concentration of sodium could be seen, making sodium in serum a good marker of fluid absorption. Neither the duration of the operation nor the size of the adenoma had an influence on fluid absorption and loss of blood, but sinus bleeding and capsular lesions, especially in high-pressure TUR, had a significant influence. An advantage of low-pressure TUR, especially in "low compliance bladder," could be clearly seen. No benefit concerning fluid absorption and loss of blood was seen in cases of total resection by TUVRP. In cases of palliative, planned TUR (elderly patients with multiple risk factors) a TUVRP is recommended. |
| Blood platelet responses to laboratory stress in young men. The effect of awareness of high blood pressure Mundal, H. H. and M. Rostrup (1996), Am J Hypertens 9(1): 12-7. Abstract: Healthy 19-year old males from the 95th percentile of mean arterial screening blood pressure were randomized to prolonged mental stress by receiving a letter informing of a high screening blood pressure (n = 13), or a neutral letter (n = 13). Blood platelet function in vivo was assessed by measurements of plasma concentrations of the platelet-specific protein beta-thromboglobulin, platelet counts, and mean platelet volumes before and during two laboratory stress tests (hand cold pressor test and arithmetic challenge). The cold pressor test caused a significant increase in beta-thromboglobulin concentrations in both groups, and significantly more in the uniformed group. Platelet count increased significantly in both groups during mental arithmetic with significantly higher counts in the uninformed group. Overall plasma beta-thromboglobulin responses were significantly larger in the uninformed group. This study demonstrates that laboratory stress is associated with blood platelet activation and that awareness of high blood pressure attenuates the platelet responses to such stress tests. |
| Blood pressure and fluid-electrolyte balance in ANF-transgenic mice on high- and low-salt diets Veress, A. T., C. K. Chong, et al. (1995), Am J Physiol 269(1 Pt 2): R186-92. Abstract: Transgenic mice overexpressing an atrial natriuretic factor (ANF) fusion gene (TTR-ANF) and their nontransgenic siblings were placed on a high- (8%) or low (< 0.008%)-salt diet for 14 days to determine whether the lifelong elevation of ANF in the transgenic animals compromised their ability to maintain fluid-electrolyte balance. Steady-state dietary intake and urinary output of sodium and chloride were not statistically different between TTR-ANF and control groups on either diet. By contrast, water intake and urine volume were markedly elevated in the TTR-ANF group on either diet. Arterial blood pressure, measured in anesthetized mice at the end of the dietary regimen, was significantly and similarly reduced in the TTR-ANF compared with control groups on either diet, although high salt intake was associated with increased pressure in both groups. Renal excretion of fluid and electrolytes was studied in the anesthetized mice before and after acute blood volume expansion. Although the absolute increase in fluid and electrolyte excretion was much greater on the high- than on the low-salt diet in both groups, TTR-ANF mice had an exaggerated response relative to controls on either diet. On the basis of these results, we conclude the following. 1) When they are stimulated, renal salt-conserving mechanisms are sufficiently powerful to overcome the expected natriuretic effects of chronic elevation of plasma ANF; however, the natriuretic potential of ANF can be expressed in the short term when the counterregulatory mechanisms are inactivated. 2) ANF exerts a chronic hypotensive effect that is independent of changes in renal salt excretion.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) |
| Blood pressure and hearing during low and high noise exposure Garding, S. (1983), Lakartidningen 80(37): 3309-11. |
| Blood pressure and heart rate during periodic breathing while asleep at high altitude Insalaco, G., S. Romano, et al. (2000), J Appl Physiol 89(3): 947-55. Abstract: The ventilatory and arterial blood pressure (ABP) responses to isocapnic hypoxia during wakefulness progressively increased in normal subjects staying 4 wk at 5,050 m (Insalaco G, Romano S, Salvaggio A, Braghiroli A, Lanfranchi P, Patruno V, Donner CF, and Bonsignore G; J Appl Physiol 80: 1724-1730, 1996). In the same subjects (n = 5, age 28-34 yr) and expedition, nocturnal polysomnography with ABP and heart rate (HR) recordings were obtained during the 1st and 4th week to study the cardiovascular effects of phasic (i.e., periodic breathing-dependent) vs. tonic (i. e., acclimatization-dependent) hypoxia during sleep. Both ABP and HR fluctuated during non-rapid eye movement sleep periodic breathing. None of the subjects exhibited an ABP increase during the ventilatory phases that correlated with the lowest arterial oxygen saturation of the preceding pauses. Despite attenuation of hypoxemia, ABP and HR behaviors during sleep in the 4th wk were similar to those in the 1st wk. Because ABP during periodic breathing in the ventilatory phase increased similarly to the ABP response to progressive hypoxia during wakefulness, ABP variations during ventilatory phases may reflect ABP responsiveness to peripheral chemoreflex sensitivity rather than the absolute value of hypoxemia, suggesting a major tonic effect of hypoxia on cardiorespiratory control at high altitude. |
| Blood pressure and heart rate responses to anticipated high-stress dental treatment Beck, F. M. and J. M. Weaver, 2nd (1981), J Dent Res 60(1): 26-9. Abstract: Twenty-four healthy adults participated in a study to determine the effects of anticipated high-stress dental treatment on blood pressure and heart rate. Blood pressure, heart rate, and state anxiety were assessed prior to four consecutive dental appointments. Appointments 1, 2, and 4 were of relatively low stress and appointment 3 was of relatively high stress. Blood pressure was unaffected while heart rate was highest prior to appointment 3 and lowest prior to appointment 1. |
| Blood pressure and high blood pressure. Aspects of risk Stamler, J. (1991), Hypertension 18(3 Suppl): I95-107. Abstract: This report deals with three aspects of risk related to blood pressure and high blood pressure. The first aspect of risk concerns distributions of systolic blood pressure (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) in the adult population and their relation to long-term risk of morbidity and mortality. By middle age, only a minority (about 20%) of Americans have optimal SBP and DBP levels, less than 120 mm Hg and less than 80 mm Hg, respectively. For the majority with higher levels, risks of major clinical events, including death from cardiovascular diseases and from all causes, are markedly increased. The relations of SBP and DBP with risk are strong, continuous, and graded. Risk is sizable not only for persons with high blood pressure by usual clinical criteria (SBP greater than or equal to 140 mm Hg or DBP greater than or equal to 90 mm Hg), but also for those with "high-normal" blood pressure (e.g., SBP 130-139 mm Hg or DBP 80-89 mm Hg). Thus, the blood pressure problem is a population-wide one and requires for its control a combined population-wide and high-risk strategy. A major component of this strategy must be nutritional-hygienic measures for the primary prevention of the rise in blood pressure during adulthood and of high blood pressure (i.e., primary prevention not only of the complications of high blood pressure but also of high blood pressure itself) through improved lifestyles having the potential to shift downward the blood pressure distribution of the whole population. The second aspect of risk concerns the known risk factors (i.e., aspects of modern lifestyle) leading to the mass occurrence of blood pressure rise during adulthood and of high blood pressure. These risk factors are high salt intake, high dietary sodium/potassium ratio, calorie imbalance and resultant obesity, and high alcohol intake. The extensive data base establishing the role of these common traits in the etiology of the blood pressure/high blood pressure problem is the scientific foundation for efforts to achieve the primary prevention of high blood pressure. The third aspect of risk relates to the combined impact of other risk factors along with blood pressure-high blood pressure in markedly increasing the probabilities of morbidity and mortality (e.g., "rich" diet, diet-dependent serum cholesterol and uric acid, smoking, diabetes, and target-organ damage). Prevention and control of lifestyle-related traits are essential components of the strategy for dealing with the blood pressure-high blood pressure problem. |
| Blood pressure and hormonal responses to short whole body cold exposure in subjects with high dietary salt intake Arjamaa, O., L. Turunen, et al. (1999), Appl Human Sci 18(6): 203-9. Abstract: The objective of the present study was to test a hypothesis that a high dietary salt intake potentiates a cold induced increase in blood pressure in normotensive men. Male subjects (n = 12) were given 7 g day-1 sodium chloride during the cold months of the year, divided in 3-4 doses per day and dissolved in water, for 14 days additional to their normal diet which contained on the average 9.7 g sodium chloride per day. The same subjects, having their normal diet, served as controls. The resting blood pressure was measured on the fourteenth day seven times at the intervals of five minutes in a climatic chamber in thermoneutral conditions. Then the subjects, wearing a three-layer winter clothing, moved into a wind tunnel (-15 degrees C, air velocity 3.5 ms-1) in which they stayed for fifteen minutes and the blood pressure was recorded at the intervals of three minutes. After the cold exposure, the subjects moved back into the climatic chamber for 30 min and the blood pressure was measured as before the cold exposure. Blood samples were drawn before and after the experiment for ion and hormone measurements. A 12 h urine sample was collected just prior to the cold exposure. A significant difference both in systolic (7 mmHg) and in diastolic (7 mmHg) blood pressure was found between a salt load group and control group under thermoneutral conditions, repeatedly measured over 30 min (paired Student's t-test; p < 0.05). During the whole body cold exposure, blood pressure significantly increased both with and without the extra salt load (repeated measures ANOVA, Student-Newman-Keuls; p < 0.05). The level to which the mean arterial pressure increased during the exposure was independent of the salt intake and the profile of the mean arterial pressure curve was similar in both groups. The systolic pressure increased by a 25 mmHg in both groups during the cold exposure. The increase in the diastolic pressure was significantly (paired Student's t-test, p < 0.05) higher in the high salt group (18 +/- 4 mmHg) than in the control group (12 +/- 3 mmHg) thus supporting partly our hypothesis. After the two-week high salt intake, serum Na+, K+, Cl-, Hct, and plasma Hb were at the similar level as before the extra salt intake. Plasma renin activity, NT-proANP, ANP, and serum aldosterone were not different between the groups, both before and after the cold exposure. The main findings are: 1) the mean arterial pressure increases to the same level and in the same manner independent of the salt load during a short whole body cold exposure and 2) in cold the diastolic blood pressure increases significantly more in people under a very high salt diet. |
| Blood pressure and hypertension in Israeli high school students Epstein, L., A. Tamir, et al. (1981), J Chronic Dis 34(7): 321-9. |
| Blood pressure and intra-erythrocyte sodium during normal and high salt intake in middle-aged men: relationship to family history of hypertension, and neurogenic and hormonal variables Gudmundsson, O., H. Herlitz, et al. (1984), Clin Sci (Lond) 66(4): 427-33. Abstract: During 4 weeks 37 normotensive 50-year-old men identified by screening in a random population sample were given 12 g of NaCl daily, in addition to their usual dietary sodium intake. Blood pressure, heart rate, weight, urinary excretion of sodium, potassium and catecholamines, plasma aldosterone and noradrenaline and intra-erythrocyte sodium content were determined on normal and increased salt intake. The subjects were divided into those with a positive family history of hypertension (n = 11) and those without such a history (n = 26). Systolic blood pressure and weight increased significantly irrespective of a positive family history of hypertension. On normal salt intake intra-erythrocyte sodium content was significantly higher in those with a positive family history of hypertension. During high salt intake intra-erythrocyte sodium content decreased significantly in that group and the difference between the hereditary subgroups was no longer significant. In the whole group urinary excretion of noradrenaline, adrenaline and dopamine increased whereas plasma aldosterone decreased during the increased salt intake. Thus, in contrast to some earlier studies performed in young subjects, our results indicate that moderately increased sodium intake acts as a pressor agent in normotensive middle-aged men whether there was a positive family history of hypertension or not. We confirm that men with positive family history of hypertension have an increased intra-erythrocyte sodium content, and that an increase in salt intake seems to increase overall sympathetic activity. |
| Blood pressure and plasma noradrenaline during single high-dose beta adrenoceptor blockade Maling, T. J., A. Ferrara, et al. (1979), Eur J Clin Pharmacol 15(6): 375-9. Abstract: The acute effects upon blood pressure and sympathetic outflow of two beta adrenoceptor blocking drugs, propranolol and atenolol, are described in five healthy normotensive subjects. Supine blood pressure, heart rate, plasma noradrenaline, and urinary catecholamine excretion were measured before and at intervals for 24 h after a single oral dose of either propranolol 200 mg, atenolol 100 mg, or placebo. Propranolol caused a fall in blood pressure and heart rate of 17.2/14.1 mm Hg and 20.4 beats/min respectively two hours after dose. Atenolol caused a fall in blood pressure of 11.4/18.6 mm Hg within 7 h of the dose, and a fall in heart rate of 13.8 beats/min after 2 h. The reduction in blood pressure after single high dose beta adrenoceptor blockade is established. The synchronous reduction in blood pressure and heart rate after propranolol was not associated with an increase in peripheral sympathietic activity as assessed by the biochemical indices. It is conceivable that the reduction in blood pressure during beta adrenoceptor blockade may be due in part to inappropriately low sympathetic activity but this cannot be the main mechanism of pressure reduction. |
| Blood pressure and rate pressure product response in males using high-dose anabolic androgenic steroids (AAS) Grace, F., N. Sculthorpe, et al. (2003), J Sci Med Sport 6(3): 307-12. Abstract: The literature regarding the blood pressure response to AAS use is equivocal. In addition, there is currently little data available on the Rate Pressure Product (RPP) response to anabolic androgenic steroids (AAS) use. The experimental aim of this study was to investigate the effects of AAS administration in combination with resistance training on blood pressure and rate pressure product in male amateur bodybuilders and compare the results with a morphologically matched, resistance trained control group. Subjects were divided into two groups (n=16 AAS users; n=16 controls). Systolic and Diastolic Blood Pressure, RPP. Resting Heart Rate and Body Composition measurements were obtained before (Pre), during (During) and 6-8 weeks following (Post) the AAS cycle in the AAS users with similar time intervals for the control group. No significant cardiovascular or morphological changes in the control group were found throughout the study. Significant increases in both diastolic (P<0.01) and mean arterial blood pressures (P<0.05) were found from Pre to Post cycle in the AAS group. RPP also increased significantly (P<0.01) from pre to post AAS cycle. All cardiovascular parameters returned to normal baseline measurements between 6 and 8 weeks post cycle. No blood pressure measurements throughout the study were consistent with clinically defined hypertension. The findings indicate that the AAS group exhibited significant increases in standard cardiovascular measurements compared with the control bodybuilders, and provides a contraindication to AAS use especially in borderline hypertensives. |
| Blood pressure and serum calcium responses to altered sodium intake in high renin hypertension Burgess, E. D., P. M. Keane, et al. (1989), Am J Hypertens 2(3 Pt 1): 182-4. Abstract: Subjects with high renin hypertension tend to be sodium-resistant showing paradoxical blood pressure responses to alterations in sodium intake. Of twenty-five subjects with high renin essential hypertension (ten females, 15 males, mean age 30 years), 14 were noted to have a decrease in mean arterial blood pressure (MAP) when sodium intake was increased from 10 to 100 mmol/d. The percentage response of plasma renin activity was greater in these patients than in those with an increase in MAP (-55.4 +/- 5.4 v -33.6 +/- 6.9, P =.018). Overall, the response of MAP was directly correlated to the percentage response of plasma renin activity (r =.549, P =.005), and inversely related to the change in serum calcium concentration (corrected for changes in serum albumin) (r = -.547, P =.005). No intercorrelation between the changes in plasma renin activity and serum calcium concentration was detected. The blood pressure response to increased sodium intake in high renin hypertension would appear to be divergent and related not only to the suppression of plasma renin activity, but also to changes in circulating calcium. |
| Blood pressure and sodium excretion in the sinoaortic denervated rat during chronic high and low sodium intake and acute sodium loading Velasquez, M. T. and N. Alexander (1982), Clin Exp Hypertens A 4(3): 499-519. Abstract: We studied the effects of dietary sodium on the magnitude of hypertension in sinoaortic denervated (SAD) rats. Groups of SAD rats and sham operated (SO) controls drank tap water and received chows with different amounts of sodium: low (0.08%), regular (0.4%), high (3%) or very high (7%) sodium; other groups, some after unilateral nephrectomy, received regular chow and 1% saline to drink. These various sodium regimens were started before operations and were continued for at least 12 weeks after SAD and SO. Weekly systolic tail-cuff pressures of SAD rats were significantly higher throughout the 12 week postoperative period than those of SO rats regardless of sodium regimen (p less than 0.05 to less than 0.01). Analysis of variance indicated no significant differences between pressures of SAD rats on regular or low sodium chows and those receiving any of the high sodium regimens. When SAD rats were switched from regular to high sodium diets no significant change was induced in systolic pressures. We then examined renal sodium excretion in response to oral sodium loading or to intravenous saline infusion in groups of SAD and SO rats. Both types of studies revealed that SAD rats excreted the extra sodium significantly faster than SO rats. We conclude that hypertension induced by SAD is not dependent on the amount of sodium in the diet and that the magnitude of hypertension is not increased by chronic high sodium intake. The rapid excretion of sodium suggests SAD rats have an enhanced sensitivity to activation and/or to effects of neural and/or humoral factors affecting renal sodium excretion. |