| For medical practitioners and the general public - High Blood Pressure Journal Article Catalog. |
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| The role of dietary sodium intake in the control of high blood pressure. A short review Cappuccio, F. P. and G. A. MacGregor (1994), Contrib Nephrol 106: 148-52. |
| The role of hypothalamo-sympathetic nerve system to maintain high blood pressure in DOCA hypertensive rats Takeda, K., S. Sasaki, et al. (1980), Jpn Circ J 44(5): 409-10. |
| The role of renal dopamine in the reduction of high blood pressure by beta 1-selective beta-blocker with intrinsic sympathomimetic activity in spontaneously hypertensive rats Haneda, T., K. Okamoto, et al. (1995), Hypertens Res 18 Suppl 1: S215-9. Abstract: The present experiments were undertaken to clarify the difference of renal dopamine production from beta 1-selective beta-blocker with and without intrinsic sympathomimetic activity (ISA). Either beta-blocker with ISA, celiprolol (100 or 300 mg/kg/day; CEL-100 or CEL-300) or beta-blocker without ISA, atenolol (50 mg/kg/day; ATE-50) was administered to the SHR from 19 to 26 weeks. Degrees of lowering blood pressure in CEL-300 SHR and in ATE-50 SHR were similar, but decrease in heart rate was significantly less in CEL-300 SHR than in ATE-50 SHR. Urine output, which was significantly less in control SHR than in control WKY, was significantly greater in CEL-100 SHR and CEL-300 SHR, but not in ATE-50 SHR. Urinary excretions of noradrenaline (u-NA) and dopamine (u-DA) were significantly higher in control SHR than in control WKY and a comparable u-DA/u-NA ratio was found in these two groups. U-DA and the ratio of u-DA/u-NA were significantly elevated in CEL-100 SHR and CEL-300 SHR, but not in ATE-50 SHR. There was a significant positive correlation between u-DA/u-NA ratio and urine output and a significant negative correlation between the ratio of u-DA/u-NA and change of blood pressure in control SHR, CEL-100 SHR and CEL-300 SHR. These results suggest that an enhancement of renal dopamine production by ISA (beta 2 stimulation) of beta 1-selective beta-blocker may contribute, at least in part, to the antihypertensive effect of this drug. |
| The screening and quantitation of diazepam, flurazepam, chloridazepoxide, and their metabolites in blood and plasma by electron-capture gas chromatography and high pressure liquid chromatography Peat, M. A. and L. Kopjak (1979), J Forensic Sci 24(1): 46-54. Abstract: A combined GLC-ECD and HPLC procedure has been developed for the analysis of the most commonly encountered benzodiazepine drugs and has been applied to both plasma and postmortem blood samples. There is no doubt that since their introduction the use of these sensitive analytical methods have resulted in an increase in the incidence of detection of these drugs in both clinical and forensic toxicology cases. |
| The sensitive determination of abanoquil in blood by high-performance liquid chromatography/atmospheric pressure ionization mass spectrometry Kaye, B., M. W. Clark, et al. (1992), Biol Mass Spectrom 21(11): 585-9. Abstract: A method is described for the determination of abanoquil in human blood. The method is based on high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)/atmospheric pressure positive ion chemical ionization mass spectrometry, using (2H3)abanoquil as internal standard. Multiple reaction monitoring is employed for selectivity and sensitivity, which enables quantification over the range 10-500 pg ml-1 with acceptable precision and accuracy. This assay methodology illustrates the versatility of atmospheric pressure ionization/tandem mass spectrometry, in conjunction with HPLC, for the separation and quantification of drugs in the subnanogram per millilitre range. |
| The sensitivity to 1-noradrenalin of patients with high blood pressure Barany, F. R. and P. James (1959), Clin Sci 18: 543-51. |
| The Seventh Report of the Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure (JNC 7): is it really practical? Chaturvedi, S. (2004), Natl Med J India 17(4): 227. |
| The Seventh Report of the Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure: the JNC 7 report Chobanian, A. V., G. L. Bakris, et al. (2003), Jama 289(19): 2560-72. Abstract: "The Seventh Report of the Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure" provides a new guideline for hypertension prevention and management. The following are the key messages(1) In persons older than 50 years, systolic blood pressure (BP) of more than 140 mm Hg is a much more important cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factor than diastolic BP; (2) The risk of CVD, beginning at 115/75 mm Hg, doubles with each increment of 20/10 mm Hg; individuals who are normotensive at 55 years of age have a 90% lifetime risk for developing hypertension; (3) Individuals with a systolic BP of 120 to 139 mm Hg or a diastolic BP of 80 to 89 mm Hg should be considered as prehypertensive and require health-promoting lifestyle modifications to prevent CVD; (4) Thiazide-type diuretics should be used in drug treatment for most patients with uncomplicated hypertension, either alone or combined with drugs from other classes. Certain high-risk conditions are compelling indications for the initial use of other antihypertensive drug classes (angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, angiotensin-receptor blockers, beta-blockers, calcium channel blockers); (5) Most patients with hypertension will require 2 or more antihypertensive medications to achieve goal BP (<140/90 mm Hg, or <130/80 mm Hg for patients with diabetes or chronic kidney disease); (6) If BP is more than 20/10 mm Hg above goal BP, consideration should be given to initiating therapy with 2 agents, 1 of which usually should be a thiazide-type diuretic; and (7) The most effective therapy prescribed by the most careful clinician will control hypertension only if patients are motivated. Motivation improves when patients have positive experiences with and trust in the clinician. Empathy builds trust and is a potent motivator. Finally, in presenting these guidelines, the committee recognizes that the responsible physician's judgment remains paramount. |
| The Seventh Report of the Joint National Committee on the Prevention, Detection, Evaluation and Treatment of High Blood Pressure: the weapons are ready Verdecchia, P. and F. Angeli (2003), Rev Esp Cardiol 56(9): 843-7. Abstract: The Seventh Report of the Joint National Committee on the Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure (JNC 7) has recently came to light in a short version. A complete version will soon be available. JNC 7 is the last attempt to bridge the big gap between the current availability of potent and well tolerated antihypertensive strategies and their poor implementation in the clinical practice. Some new and important features characterize the JNC 7 document. The aim of the new and challenging definition of pre-hypertension (BP 120-139/80-89 mmHg) is to sensitize the general population and health professionals to implement effective strategies for a healthier life in order to prevent hypertension and related cardiovascular disease as early as possible. Stage 3 hypertension has been deleted and merged with stage 2 (systolic > or = 160 or diastolic > or = 100 mmHg). BP levels to achieve with treatment (goals) are < 140/90 mmHg (< 130/80 mmHg in diabetics). To reach the goal, diuretics are recommended for initial treatment in most subjects with stage I hypertension. However, combination of at least 2 drugs is recommended if initial BP is 20/10 mmHg higher than goal BP. Apart from the definition of pre-hypertension and the advice to begin therapy with diuretics in most patients with stage 1 hypertension, JNC 7 shares several positions with the hypertension guidelines recently released by the European Society of Cardiology and European Society of Hypertension. JNC 7 seems to dedicate limited space to stratify the level of cardiovascular risk in the individual subjects on the basis of the different combinations between BP levels and concomitant risk factors. In summary, JNC 7 is an updated and well equipped arsenal of formidable weapons against hypertension and its complications. The stage is now set for an hard task: their effective implementation in the clinical practice with the aim to decrease cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. |
| The Sexual Dimorphism of High Blood Pressure Calhoun, D. A. and S. Oparil (1998), Cardiol Rev 6(6): 356-363. Abstract: There is a sexual dimorphism in blood pressure: men tend to have higher blood pressures than women with functional ovaries, whereas ovariectomy or menopause tends to abolish the sexual dimorphism and cause women to develop a "male" pattern of blood pressure. Synthetic estrogens and progestins, found in oral contraceptives, tend to elevate blood pressure, whereas naturally occurring estrogens, used in postmenopausal hormone replacement therapy, lower it or have no effect. Women are more likely than men to be aware of their hypertension, to be treated with antihypertensive drugs, and to have their blood pressure controlled. Antihypertensive therapy induces similar blood pressure reductions in men and women. However, men experience larger reductions in total cardiovascular risk with successful treatment of high blood pressure, because their absolute risk of coronary events at baseline is so much higher. Special considerations that can dictate antihypertensive treatment choices for women include increased vulnerability to the adverse effects of some drugs, including angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor-induced cough, calcium channel blocker-induced edema, and minoxidil-induced hirsutism. Beta-adrenergic blockers tend to be less effective in women than in men, and diuretics are particularly useful in women because they protect against hip fracture. Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin II receptor blockers are contraindicated during pregnancy or if pregnancy is planned because of the risk of fetal developmental abnormalities. |
| The sixth report of the Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure, and 1999 World Health Organization-International Society of Hypertension Guidelines for the Management of Hypertension Ishii, M. (2000), Nippon Rinsho 58 Suppl 1: 267-75. |
| The Sixth Report of the Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure: What's New? What's Different? Canzanello, V. J. and S. G. Sheps (1998), Cardiol Rev 6(5): 272-277. Abstract: Hypertension remains a major cause of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in the United States. Disturbing trends have been reported recently and include declining rates of successful blood pressure control and increasing rates of stroke, congestive heart failure, and hypertension-associated end-stage renal disease. Recent clinical trials have demonstrated the potential benefits of more aggressive blood pressure control using specific antihypertensive agents in patients with both diabetic and nondiabetic renal disease. Additional studies have demonstrated the benefit of treating isolated systolic hypertension in the elderly and the potential for lifestyle modification to lower blood pressure. The Sixth Report of the Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure has been published recently and should serve as an important resource for busy practitioners caring for hypertensive patients. This article describes the significant additions and revisions that distinguish this Sixth Report from previous editions. |
| The sixth report of the Joint National Committee: an appropriate celebration of the 25th anniversary of the National High Blood Pressure Education Program Frohlich, E. D. (1997), Hypertension 30(6): 1305-6. |
| The stability of high blood pressure in Dunedin children: an eight year longitudinal study St George, I. M., S. M. Williams, et al. (1990), N Z Med J 103(886): 115-7. Abstract: Resting blood pressures were recorded for children in the Dunedin Multidisciplinary Health and Development Study at two year intervals five times from age seven to fifteen. Correlations between pairs of readings were modest but significant, and higher for systolic (0.39 to 0.62) than for diastolic blood pressure. However, although children with normal blood pressure were likely to continue to have normal blood pressure, high blood pressures at age seven, nine, eleven and thirteen were not stable--only 28% of those whose systolic blood pressure at age seven was in the highest 5% had two subsequent readings in the highest 5%. On the other hand 56% of those in the highest 20% had two subsequent readings in the highest 20%, and 9% had all subsequent readings in the highest 20%. We do not believe that adult essential hypertensives can be recognised early by annual blood pressure measurement in childhood and the assignation of blood pressure rank according to a set of normal values. |
| The status of high blood pressure control in central Mississippi Frate, D. A., S. A. Johnson, et al. (1983), J Miss State Med Assoc 24(5): 124-7. |
| The status of high blood pressure education among Virginia dentists and dental auxillaries Abbey, L. M., L. H. Keener, et al. (1976), Va Dent J 53(1): 13-9. |
| The structural arteriolar changes in diabetes mellitus and essential hypertension. The relative contribution of ageing and high blood pressure Longhini, C. S., D. Scorzoni, et al. (1997), Eur Heart J 18(7): 1135-40. Abstract: AIM: To evaluate the relative contribution of blood pressure, non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus and ageing on arteriolar structural changes in essential hypertension and diabetes mellitus. POPULATION AND METHODS: One hundred subjects, 25 with hypertension (A), 25 with hypertension and diabetes (B), 25 with diabetes (C) and 25 healthy subjects (D). Blood pressure average values, obtained with non-invasive monitoring, and minimal vascular resistance, calculated with strain-gauge plethysmography, were statistically correlated. Multiple regression analysis was performed to assess the contribution of blood pressure and age. RESULTS: Minimal vascular resistance was higher in A, B and C than in D, and higher in B than in A and C. The coefficient of blood pressure in the multiple regression analysis was significant for all the parameters in A and B but not in C and D; that of age was significant only in A and only for the average values of mean and diastolic blood pressure. CONCLUSION: Hypertension and diabetes show arteriolar structural changes of similar gravity. Age does play a role in hypertension but a smaller one than that played by blood pressure. In hypertension and diabetes the lack of significance of the contribution of age to the correlation between minimal vascular resistance and pressure could be ascribed to other neurohumoral factors. These factors play a much more important role in diabetes; where neither blood pressure nor age show any correlation with high vascular resistance. |
| The three R's & HBP: a unique approach to school health and high blood pressure education Owen, S. L. (1976), Image (IN) 8(1): 13-9. |
| The time course of brain and blood catecholamines, catechol O-methyltransferase, and amino acids in rats convulsed by oxygen at high pressure Banister, E. W. and A. K. Singh (1979), Can J Physiol Pharmacol 57(4): 390-5. Abstract: The time course of changes in blood and brain catecholamines, catechol O-methyltransferase (COMT), ammonia, and amino acids leading to convulsion by high pressure oxygen breathing (OHP) in rats has been investigated. Brain catecholamines were suppressed by OHP. They changed in phase with brain COMT concentration and consequently were not due to the action of this degrading enzyme. Convulsive actions seem not to be influenced by brain catecholamine concentration. Blood adrenaline concentrations are, however, significantly elevated both prior to and during convulsions. In both brain and blood, ammonia concentration increases, glutamate decreases, and glutamine-aspargine increases. It is proposed that the efficacy of the glutamate-glutamine ammonia buffering system in blood and brain is important in the prevention of the onset of convulsions but that when brain gamma-aminobutyric acid is depressed to critical levels, convulsions result. |
| The transport of macromolecules across the blood-lymph barrier following decompression from high pressure atmospheres Arturson, G. and G. Grotte (1969), Bibl Anat 10: 234-7. |
| The treatment of high blood pressure in the elderly: a multi-centre evaluation of a fixed combination of metoprolol and hydrochlorothiazide ("Co-Betaloc") in general practice Goodfellow, R. M. and B. Westberg (1981), Curr Med Res Opin 7(8): 536-42. Abstract: A post-marketing surveillance programme was carried out in general practice to evaluate the efficacy and tolerability of a fixed-dose combination of 100 mg metoprolol and 12.5 mg hydrochlorothiazide in the treatment of mild to moderate hypertension, with particular reference to elderly patients. Patients received a single daily dose over a period of 3 months. The results of the analysis of data from 1446 patients showed that, although the initial blood pressure was higher in the elderly, both the systolic and diastolic pressures were reduced by the same degree after 3-months' treatment, regardless of age. The incidence of side-effects was similar in all age groups, although a higher proportion of these side-effects led to treatment withdrawal in the elderly, possibly reflecting an increasing overall intolerance to drugs with age. The results suggest that treatment with the metoprolol/hydrochlorothiazide combination is effective and well tolerated in the majority of hypertensive patients, irrespective of age or previous antihypertensive therapy. |
| The treatment of high blood pressure with hexamethonium iodide Restall, P. A. and F. H. Smirk (1950), N Z Med J 49(271): 206-9. |
| The upregulation of ICAM-1 and P-selectin requires high blood pressure but not circulating renin-angiotensin system in vivo Wang, H., J. Nawata, et al. (2004), J Hypertens 22(7): 1323-32. Abstract: OBJECTIVE: To investigate the separate contributions of blood pressure and the circulating renin-angiotensin system to the upregulation of vascular endothelial adhesion molecules in vivo. METHODS: One or 4 weeks after constriction of the abdominal aortas of Wistar rats, the expressions of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1), P-selectin, nuclear factor (NF) kappa B p65 subunit and monocytes were assessed at sites proximal and distal to the site of constriction, by western blot, immunohistochemistry, or both. RESULTS: At 1 week, the mean arterial pressure was increased significantly at the cervical artery in the group with aortic constriction (160 +/- 4 mmHg, compared with 104 +/- 2 mmHg before constriction), but not at the femoral artery (111 +/- 10 mmHg, compared with 100 +/- 2 mmHg before constriction) (P < 0.05), and circulating angiotensin II was increased significantly only in the group with aortic constriction (124 +/- 28 pg/ml, compared with 14 +/- 2 pg/ml in the sham-operated group; P < 0.05). In the aorta-constricted group, the expressions of ICAM-1, P-selectin, and NF-kappa B p65 subunit were significantly upregulated (2-3.1-fold) at the aorta proximal to the constriction compared with those distal to it, which were the same as those in the sham-operated group. Immunolocalization of these molecules was observed to be on the endothelial cells. Adhesive monocytes on the endothelium were also increased significantly only proximal to the constriction in the aorta-constricted group. At 4 weeks the findings were the same, except that circulating angiotensin II was within the normal range in both the aorta-constricted and the sham-operated groups. CONCLUSIONS: Our results indicate that the high blood pressure, but not the circulating renin-angiotensin system, upregulates the expression of ICAM-1 and P-selectin, suggesting that mechanical forces may be more important than humoral factors in the upregulation of adhesion molecules in hypertension. |
| The use of "etamon" for high blood-pressure in electrocerebral treatment Davies, G. and A. S. Paterson (1952), J Ment Sci 98(411): 306-8. |
| The use of oxygen under high pressure for the treatment of peripheral blood circulatory insufficiency under experimental conditions Shaposhnikov Iu, G. (1965), Eksp Khir Anesteziol 10(3): 51-5. |
| The use of relaxation and hypnosis in lowering high blood pressure Deabler, H. L., E. Fidel, et al. (1973), Am J Clin Hypn 16(2): 75-83. |
| The use of volunteers in mass screening for high blood pressure Elder, J. P., C. A. McKenna, et al. (1986), Am J Prev Med 2(5): 268-72. Abstract: This paper describes the effectiveness of an incentive-based approach to screening for hypertension by comparing it to two more typical on-site screenings. In the "bounty system," adolescents were trained and certified in blood pressure assessment to enable them to conduct door-to-door blood pressure screenings. The youths received incentives for various phases of their training and the screenings. The two other screenings were conducted in a worksite and a public "community" setting. It was evident that incentives played a major role in recruiting adolescents to volunteer as screeners. The final results, however, revealed that this contact did not result in an increase in the number of persons screened as had been predicted. This was due in part to the reluctance of residents to admit teenagers into their homes and related problems. |
| The value of identification and treatment of patients with high blood pressure Ayers, C. R. (1984), Med Sect Proc: 9-15. |
| The value of VALUE--a hypertension study which compared valsartan with amlodipine. New data support early, optimal blood pressure control for high-risk patients Nilsson, P. M. (2004), Lakartidningen 101(30-31): 2426-7. |
| The variability of blood pressure in mice selected for low (MGL) and high (MGH) blood magnesium levels Osborne-Pellegrin, M. J. and J. G. Henrotte (1995), Magnes Res 8(1): 11-7. Abstract: Arterial blood pressure has been determined using a tail cuff method in 164 unanaesthetized, adult mice with genetically low (MGL) or high (MGH) erythrocyte magnesium levels. The mice came from the 9th, 10th, 11th and 12th generations of a bidirectional selective breeding undertaken at the CSAL-CNRS (Orleans). The two lines differed significantly by the magnesium contents of their erythrocytes, plasma, kidney and bone. Ten successive measurements of systolic blood pressure were recorded from each animal, without habituation, within a single period of about 2 min. All mice had elevated blood pressures presumably due to the stress of the experimental procedure. The first, the tenth and the average values of these 10 measurements yielded similar results in both sexes and in both lines. Younger animals (4 months of age) had significantly higher values (180 mmHg) than older ones (10-13 months, 161 mmHg), and this difference was more pronounced in the MGL than in the MGH strain. In both age-groups and lines, about two-thirds of all mice tested showed an increasing arterial pressure during the testing period while the remaining third exhibited decreasing values. Whatever the age-group or the variation pattern during the course of the blood pressure measurements. MGL mice had median values (mean of the fifth and sixth measurements) higher than those of MGH mice. The difference observed between the two strains can be attributed to a greater sensitivity and/or reactivity of the MGL mice to the stress induced by the manipulation, heating and immobilization required for blood pressure measurement. |
| Therapeutic approach to patients complaining of high blood pressure in a cardiological emergency room Gus, M., A. G. Andrighetto, et al. (1999), Arq Bras Cardiol 72(3): 321-6. Abstract: OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the management of patients complaining of high blood pressure (BP) in a cardiological emergency room. METHODS: Patients referred to the cardiological emergency room with the main complaint of high blood pressure were consecutively selected. The prescriptions and the choice of antihypertensive drugs were assessed. The classification of these patients as hypertensive emergencies or pseudoemergencies, according to the physician who provided initial care, was recorded. RESULTS: From a total of 858 patients presenting to the emergency room, 80 (9.3%) complained of high BP, and 61 (76.3%) received antihypertensive drugs. Sublingual nifedipine was the most commonly used drug (59%). One patient received intravenous medication, one patient was hospitalized and 6 patients (7.5%) were classified as hypertensive emergencies or pseudoemergencies. CONCLUSION: High BP could seldom be classified as a hypertensive emergency or pseudoemergency, even though it was a frequent complaint (9.3% of visits). Currently, the therapeutic approach is not recommended, even in specialized clinics. |
| Therapeutic management of a patient with high blood pressure. Meneses Hoyos, J. (1956), Medicina (Mex) 36(756): 425-32. |
| Therapeutic monitoring of topiramate: evaluation of the saturable distribution between erythrocytes and plasma of whole blood using an optimized high-pressure liquid chromatography method Gidal, B. E. and G. L. Lensmeyer (1999), Ther Drug Monit 21(5): 567-76. Abstract: Topiramate (TPM) reportedly binds in a saturable manner to erythrocytes but minimally to plasma proteins. Two studies were performed to evaluate this distribution phenomenon. In all studies, TPM was measured with a newly developed, optimized procedure that uses octyldecyl (C-18) solid phase sorbents disks/packed cartridges and a DB-1 methylsilicone capillary gas chromatography (GC) column. Between-run precision coefficients of variation (CVs) (n = 16) ranged from 3.6%-5.6% at concentrations from 3.0 to 15 microg/mL, with low limit of detection of 0.2 to 0.3 microg/mL. For the distribution studies, drug-free whole-blood specimens from five healthy adult volunteers were supplemented with TPM and used to test the influence of TPM concentration and HCT differences on the plasma/blood (P/B) distribution ratio of TPM. In study A, TPM concentration was varied (1-15 microg/mL) and HCT remained constant (40% +/- 5%). In study B, TPM (3 microg/mL) was added to blood specimens comprising a range of HCT values (20%-40%). Study A results were: mean TPM P/B ratios: 0%, 14.2% +/- 5%, 44.2% +/- 4%, 76% +/- 5.5% at 1, 3, 5, 15 microg/mL, respectively. Data between each group were statistically different (p < 0.001). Study B results were: mean TPM P/B ratio: 17.3% +/- 7.3%, 27.5% +/- 10.1%, 39.8% +/- 8% and 56.1% +/- 8.8% at HCT values of 40%, 32%, 26.5%, 20%, respectively. The TPM P/B ratio was significantly inversely correlated to HCT (r = -905, p < 0.001). TPM P/B partitioning was not temperature-dependent. Researchers concluded that the saturable binding of TPM to RBC is significant and is correlated to HCT. As a result, TPM in the plasma fraction of whole blood will increase when HCT decreases and as total TPM concentration in whole blood increases. |
| Therapy of hypertension. 1. Fundamentals and principles of high blood pressure therapy Gawellek, F., H. D. Faulhaber, et al. (1968), Dtsch Gesundheitsw 23(16): 725-34. |
| Three cases of renal artery aneurysm with high blood pressure (author's transl) Le Bas, P., M. Blitz, et al. (1978), Ann Chir 32(10): 805-10. |
| Three cases of renal artery's aneurysm with high blood pressure (author's transl) Le Bas, P., M. Blitz, et al. (1979), Sem Hop 55(23-26): 1209-14. Abstract: The authors report three cases of renal artery's aneurysm that caused high blood pressure. Their surgical treatment led to the cure of this high blood pressure. In one case, were applied ex situ surgery's procedures but with local replantation. Then, the authors argue the connexions between renal artery's aneurysms and high blood pressure as well as the indications for their treatments. |
| Time trends in high blood pressure control and the use of antihypertensive medications in older adults: the Cardiovascular Health Study Psaty, B. M., T. A. Manolio, et al. (2002), Arch Intern Med 162(20): 2325-32. Abstract: BACKGROUND: Control of high blood pressure (BP) in older adults is an important part of public health efforts at prevention. OBJECTIVE: To assess recent time trends in the awareness, treatment, and control of high BP and in the use of medications to treat high BP. METHODS: In the Cardiovascular Health Study, 5888 adults 65 years and older were recruited from 4 US centers. At baseline, participants underwent an extensive examination that included the measurement of BP, use of medications, and other risk factors. Participants were followed up with annual visits that assessed BP and medication use from baseline in 1989-1990 through the examination in 1998-1999. The primary outcome measures were control of BP to levels lower than than 140/90 mm Hg and the prevalence of use of various classes of antihypertensive medications. RESULTS: The awareness, treatment, and control of high BP improved during the 1990s. The proportions aware and treated were higher among blacks than whites, though control prevalences were similar. For both groups combined, the control of high BP to lower than 140/90 mm Hg increased from 37% at baseline to 49% in 1999. The 51% whose BP was not controlled generally had isolated mild to moderate elevations in systolic BP. Among treated persons, the improvement in control was achieved in part by a mean increase of 0.2 antihypertensive medications per person over the course of 9 years. Improved control was also achieved by increasing the proportion of the entire Cardiovascular Health Study population that was treated for hypertension, from 34.5% in 1990 to 51.1% in 1999. Time trends in antihypertensive drug use were pronounced. Among those without coronary disease, the use of low-dose diuretics and beta-blockers decreased, while the use of newer agents, such as calcium channel blockers, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, and alpha-blockers increased. CONCLUSIONS: While control of high BP improved in the 1990s, about half the participants with hypertension had uncontrolled BP, primarily mild to moderate elevations in systolic BP. Low-dose diuretics and beta-blockers--the preferred agents since 1993 according to the recommendations of the Joint National Committee on the Detection, Evaluation and Treatment of High Blood Pressure--remained underused. More widespread use of these agents will be an important intervention to prevent the devastating complications of hypertension, including stroke, myocardial infarction, and heart failure. |
| Timely diagnosis of incipient decompensation in high blood pressure by means of the discordant levogram. Breu, W. (1950), Wien Z Inn Med 31(9): 327-34. |
| Timing of pulmonary and systemic blood flow during intermittent high intrathoracic pressure cardiopulmonary resuscitation in the dog Cohen, J. M., N. Chandra, et al. (1982), Am J Cardiol 49(8): 1883-9. |
| Tracking of blood pressure from adolescence to middle age: the Dormont High School Study Yong, L. C. and L. H. Kuller (1994), Prev Med 23(4): 418-26. Abstract: METHODS. Tracking of blood pressure was studied in a cohort of 86 men and 116 women, initially examined at mean age 17 years and re-examined at mean ages 34 and 47 years in the Dormont High School Follow-up Study. RESULTS. Correlations for systolic blood pressure (men vs women, P < 0.05) were r = 0.42 vs r = 0.39 between mean ages 17 and 34 years; r = 0.38 vs r = 0.54 between mean ages 34 and 47 years; and r = 0.27 vs r = 0.24 between mean ages 17 and 47 years. For diastolic blood pressure, the correlations were lower, but were higher among women than men, and were higher between mean ages 34 and 47 years (r = 0.44 for men and r = 0.54 for women, P < 0.001) than at earlier ages. The correlations for weight were higher than those for blood pressure (men vs women, P < 0.001): r = 0.64 vs r = 0.59 between mean ages 17 and 34 years; r = 0.88 vs r = 0.81 between mean ages 34 and 47 years; and r = 0.58 vs r = 0.49 between mean ages 17 and 47 years. With increase in age and length of follow-up, there was a stronger tendency for those in the extreme tertiles of the blood pressure distribution to maintain their ranks. The significance and magnitude of the blood pressure correlations remained essentially unchanged after adjustment for weight and its changes. However, weight was related to the changes in blood pressure tracking status, but this varied with age. CONCLUSION. These data suggest that the age and gender differences in the degree of blood pressure tracking may be a function of the tracking of weight as well as a reflection of the gender difference in the consistency of the relationship of blood pressure to weight at different ages. |