| For medical practitioners and the general public - High Blood Pressure Journal Article Catalog. |
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| The Edgecombe County High Blood Pressure Control Program: III. Social support, social stressors, and treatment dropout Williams, C. A., S. A. Beresford, et al. (1985), Am J Public Health 75(5): 483-6. Abstract: In a hypertension prevalence survey of a stratified random sample of 1,000 households, 2,030 adults (aged 18 years and over) were interviewed and information on psychosocial variables collected. Among 359 hypertensives, there was a consistent relationship between indicators of difficulty in the social environment and dropout from treatment in women. Compared to those who remained in treatment, women who dropped out can be characterized as having less social support on the job, having less perceived spouse approval (if married), having a lower level of perceived access to supportive resources, and being more likely to report feeling pushed most or all of the time if they are homemakers. Relationships between indicators of social support and dropout from treatment in men were found only with support on the job, and for White men, with perceived friend approval. |
| The Edgecombe County High Blood Pressure Control Program: the process of medical care and blood pressure control Ballard, D. J., D. S. Strogatz, et al. (1986), Am J Prev Med 2(5): 278-84. Abstract: As part of the Edgecombe County High Blood Pressure Control Program, a medical record review was conducted within a multispecialty private group practice in the county. The purposes of the review were to assess the relationship between the process of medical care and blood pressure control and to explore the variation in level and impact of medical care by race and sex. At the end of a three-year period, 41 percent of 628 hypertensive patients from the practice had uncontrolled diastolic blood pressure (DBP), as defined by Hypertension Detection and Follow-up Program criteria. The percentage of uncontrolled hypertensives ranged from 53 percent for black men to 34 percent for white women. Hypertensive patients whose physicians were more aggressive in their use of antihypertensive drug therapy were more likely to be controlled. The effect of the level of physician drug aggressiveness tended to be more pronounced for blacks than for whites. Differences by race in exposure to and efficacy of aggressive drug treatment may influence racial variation in blood pressure control. |
| The effect of a brief period of high blood pressure on cholesterol-induced atheroma in rabbits Heptinstall, R. H. and K. A. Porter (1957), Br J Exp Pathol 38(1): 55-61. |
| The effect of a high salt diet and gender on blood pressure, urinary protein excretion and renal pathology in SHR rats Blizard, D. A., W. N. Peterson, et al. (1991), Clin Exp Hypertens A 13(5): 687-97. Abstract: A high salt diet produced increases in SBP, urinary protein excretion (UPE) and renal vascular lesions (RVL) across groups of male and female SHR rats which were allowed to develop moderate or excessive increases in SBP. A highly significant linear relationship between SBP and log-transformed UPE was found when the data from all groups were analyzed together. Males developed high blood-pressure more rapidly, and exhibited more severe RVL and greater UPE than females. Two results prevent the conclusion that the elevated UPE was simply due to the adverse effects of high BP on the kidney. First, the relationship between SBP and UPE across groups could not be demonstrated when regression analyses were performed within individual dietary sub-groups. Secondly, gender differences in UPE were highly significant by analysis of covariance adjusting for individual differences in SBP. The increases in SBP and UPE may be independent consequences of ingestion of a high salt diet. |
| The effect of an educational program on knowledge & attitudes about blood pressure by junior high school students: a pilot project Meagher, D. and K. V. Mann (1990), Can J Cardiovasc Nurs 1(5): 15-22. Abstract: This study tested the effectiveness of a 10 minute videotape and complementary print program guide on the knowledge and attitudes of junior high school students about blood pressure (BP). A randomized two group pre-test, post-test and delayed post-test design was used. The experimental group received an educational session on BP, designed for this study, which consisted of a 40-minute session, comprised of a 10-minute video presentation and discussion by the teacher on BP (guided by the program guide). The educational session was effective in improving students knowledge of BP at one week post-test; however, this positive effect did not persist at the three month post-test. Student interest in, or knowledge of, their own BP was not obviously affected by the session. The findings were interpreted in light of Social Learning Theory (SLT) and the PRECEDE Model of Health Education (PMHE). In testing the effect of one component of an educational program, i.e., the videotape and teacher lesson the environmental determinants of behaviour change could not be addressed in this study. The educational session was able, however, to achieve the desired knowledge change. The 10-minute videotape and complementary print program guide was shown to be a viable educational tool and can therefore be utilized as a resource in a broader multi-faceted program of cardiovascular (CV) health promotion. |
| The effect of beta-sitosterol on cholesterol-induced atheroma in rabbits with high blood pressure Heptinstall, R. H. and K. A. Porter (1957), Br J Exp Pathol 38(1): 49-54. |
| The effect of exercise on intra-arterial blood pressure and pulse rate before and during long-term high-dose treatment with labetalol in patients with severe, therapy-resistant hypertension la Cour Petersen, E. and B. O. Kristensen (1980), Postgrad Med J 56 Suppl 2: 60-4. Abstract: Intra-arterial blood pressure (BP) and pulse rate were measured before, during and after submaximum exercise in 15 patients with severe, therapy-resistant hypertension. Measurements were performed at the start of treatment with labetalol and were repeated after three and six months of therapy. Thirteen patients were examined twice and 11 patients three times. The average daily dose of labetalol was 2185 mg (range 600-4200 mg) after three months and 3036 mg (range 800-6000 mg) after six months. At rest, there were no significant changes in BP or pulse rate in the three investigations. During exercise, a significantly lower increase in both systolic and diastolic BP-but not in pulse rate-was found six months after starting treatment with labetalol. After six months of treatment with labetalol a correlation was found between the labetalol dose and changes in BP. |
| The effect of fish oil on blood pressure and high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol levels in phase I of the Trials of Hypertension Prevention. Trials of Hypertension Prevention Collaborative Research Group Sacks, F. M., P. Hebert, et al. (1994), J Hypertens Suppl 12(7): S23-31. Abstract: OBJECTIVE: To study the effects of moderate doses of fish oil on blood pressure and high-density lipoprotein (HDL)-cholesterol. METHODS: The participants were 350 normotensive men and women aged 30-54 years who were enrolled from seven academic medical centers in phase I of the Trials of Hypertension Prevention. They were randomly assigned to receive placebo or 6 g purified fish oil once a day, which supplied 3 g n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids for 6 months. RESULTS: Baseline blood pressure was (mean +/- SD) 123 +/- 9/81 +/- 5 mmHg. The mean differences in the blood pressure changes between the fish oil and placebo groups were not statistically significant. There was no tendency for fish oil to reduce blood pressure more in subjects with baseline blood pressures in the upper versus the lower quartile (132/87 versus 114/75 mmHg), low habitual fish consumption (0.4 versus 2.9 times a week) or low baseline plasma levels of n-3 fatty acids. Fish oil increased HDL2-cholesterol significantly compared with the placebo group. Subgroup analysis showed this effect to be significant in the women but not in the men. Increases in serum phospholipid n-3 fatty acids were significantly correlated with increases in HDL2-cholesterol and decreases in systolic blood pressure. CONCLUSION: Moderate amounts of fish oil (6 g/day) are unlikely to lower blood pressure in normotensive persons, but may increase HDL2-cholesterol, particularly in women. |
| The effect of focal intracranial lesions on high blood pressure Ostfeld, A. M. (1958), Am J Med Sci 235(5): 539-48. |
| The effect of high blood pressure awareness and treatment on emotional well-being Soghikian, K., E. M. Fallick-Hunkeler, et al. (1981), Clin Invest Med 4(3-4): 191-6. |
| The effect of high pressure on the hemolysis of red blood cells Brewster, E., S. Collins, et al. (1976), Undersea Biomed Res 3(2): 151-5. Abstract: Investigations into the effects of pressure on the hypotonic hemolysis of human erythrocytes show that pressures up to 130 atm (1700 psi) do not potentiate the hemolysis as has previously been suggested. Furthermore, such pressures do not remove the protection against hypotonic hemolysis conferred by the presence of general anesthetics to more than a negligible extent. |
| The effect of high salt intake on the blood pressure of rabbits Goldblatt, H. (1969), Lab Invest 21(2): 126-8. |
| The effect of high-sodium and low-sodium intakes on blood pressure and other related variables in human subjects with idiopathic hypertension Kawasaki, T., C. S. Delea, et al. (1978), Am J Med 64(2): 193-8. Abstract: Nineteen patients with hypertension in whom all known causes of blood pressure elevation had been ruled out were classified as "salt-sensitive" or "nonsalt-sensitive" from the changes in blood pressure with changes in sodium intake from 9 meq to 249 meq/day. With the diet containing 249 meq sodium per day, there were no statistically significant differences in plasma sodium, potassium, chloride, aldosterone, cortisol or renin activity, or in urinary potassium, aldosterone or 17-hydroxycorticosteroids between the two groups. The "salt-sensitive" patients retained more sodium on the high-sodium diet than did the patients who were not sensitive to salt ("nonsalt-sensitive"); accordingly, sodium induced more weight gain in the salt-sensitive patients. |
| The effect of high-sodium intake and furosemide on blood pressure and other related variables in salt-sensitive hypertension Fujita, T. (1982), Jpn J Med 21(2): 157-8. |
| The effect of long-term verapamil treatment on the secretion of cortisol and aldosterone in subjects with normal and high blood pressure Zofkova, I. (1985), Exp Clin Endocrinol 85(2): 217-22. Abstract: Based on their previous observations of the stimulating action of verapamil on the secretory reserve of cortisol after one-week oral administration to healthy volunteers, the author investigated the effect of this calcium entry blocker on the adrenocortical function (cortisol and aldosterone secretion) during therapeutic administration to patients with mild arterial hypertension and normotensive patients suffering from Raynaud's syndrome. Verapamil, 3-4 X 80 mg per day by the oral route, did not lead to significant changes of cortisol levels at rest nor after ACTH stimulation when assessed at the end of the first month of treatment in both groups. However, normotensive subjects with Raynaud's syndrome showed a decline of ACTH stimulated cortisolaemia during the 3rd month (p less than 0.05) and 4th month (p less than 0.01) and a reduction of cortisol secretory reserve (delta cortisol) during the 3rd month of treatment (p less than 0.05). In aldosterone secretion of normotensives with Raynaud's syndrome no significant changes were observed. In hypertensive subjects, the decline of ACTH stimulated cortisolaemia at the end of the 3rd and 4th month was not significant and delta cortisol did not change. The initial aldosterone levels before and after ACTH and delta aldosterone before treatment of hypertensives was lower as compared with normotensives (p less than 0.01, p less than 0.01 and p less than 0.05, respectively), and increased gradually during treatment in the 4th month significantly (p less than 0.05, p less than 0.01 and p less than 0.01, respectively). The hypotensive effect of verapamil persisted throughout the treatment.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) |
| The effect of low and high sodium diets on plasma atrial natriuretic factor, the renin-aldosterone system and blood pressure in subjects with essential hypertension McKnight, J. A., G. Roberts, et al. (1994), Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 40(1): 73-7. Abstract: OBJECTIVE: Increasing dietary sodium intake increases blood pressure in some subjects with essential hypertension. Atrial natriuretic factor (ANF) has a potential role in modifying these changes. The purpose of this study was to observe the blood pressure and plasma ANF responses to low and high sodium diets in subjects with essential hypertension to see if the plasma ANF and blood pressure responses were related. DESIGN: An in-patient study of subjects taking their normal diet (day 1), a 12 mmol sodium diet for 6 days and a 250 mmol diet for 6 days. PATIENTS: Seven men with essential hypertension. MEASUREMENTS: Continuous 24 hour urine collections were analysed for sodium excretion. Blood pressure was recorded at 0900, 1205 and 1700 h on days 1, 7 and 13. Blood was taken at 0900 h (fasting supine overnight) and at 1200 h (after 2 hours erect posture) on the above days for plasma ANF, plasma renin activity (PRA) and serum aldosterone. RESULTS: Urinary sodium excretion was (mean +/- SEM) 11 +/- 1 mmol on day 5 of the low sodium diet, and 294 +/- 17 mmol during the fifth day of the high sodium diet. Plasma ANF (supine and erect) was significantly lower (2.8 +/- 0.6, 1.6 +/- 0.2 pmol/l) on the low sodium diet when compared to the high sodium diet (8.6 +/- 2.4, 5.0 +/- 1.6 pmol/l (P < 0.05)). Supine and erect PRA and serum aldosterone were significantly higher on the low compared to the high sodium diet. Blood pressure responses were heterogeneous rather than bimodal. Mean arterial blood pressure was 107 +/- 3 mmHg on the low sodium diet and 111 +/- 4 mmHg on the high sodium diet (P < 0.05). Changes of blood pressure did not correlate with the changes of plasma ANF. CONCLUSIONS: Failure of plasma atrial natriuretic factor to rise with increasing dietary sodium did not therefore determine the blood pressure response to the change in dietary sodium. No link was established between plasma atrial natriuretic factor response and sodium sensitivity. |
| The effect of potassium supplementation in persons with a high-normal blood pressure. Results from phase I of the Trials of Hypertension Prevention (TOHP). Trials of Hypertension Prevention (TOHP) Collaborative Research Group Whelton, P. K., J. Buring, et al. (1995), Ann Epidemiol 5(2): 85-95. Abstract: We conducted a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of oral potassium chloride supplementation (60 mmol/d) in 353 men and women with an initial average diastolic blood pressure between 80 and 89 mm Hg. In the active (n = 178) compared to the placebo (n = 175) treatment group, the urinary potassium level was significantly (p < 0.001) increased by an average of 44.0 and 42.3 mmol/24 h following 3 and 6 months of therapy, respectively. Compared to placebo, active treatment was associated with a small (mean = 1.8 mm Hg) but significant (p = 0.04) reduction in diastolic blood pressure following 3 months of therapy. Following 6 months, however, this apparent treatment effect had virtually disappeared (mean reduction in diastolic blood pressure = 0.3 mm Hg). There was no significant effect of potassium supplementation on systolic blood pressure at either follow-up visit. There was a significant, independent, dose-response relationship between change in both 24-hour urinary potassium excretion and urinary sodium-potassium ratio and the corresponding change in diastolic blood pressure (-1.49 mm Hg for the highest versus the lowest quartile of change in urinary potassium excretion. |
| The effect of regulation of high blood pressure on plasma endothelin-1 levels in blacks with hypertension Ergul, S., A. Ergul, et al. (1998), Am J Hypertens 11(11 Pt 1): 1381-5. Abstract: Plasma concentrations of immunoreactive endothelin-1 (irET-1) are significantly elevated in blacks with hypertension. In the present study, we investigated the effect of the regulation of high blood pressure on plasma irET-1 levels in black hypertensive individuals. After the initial blood samples were collected from 20 black patients with uncontrolled high blood pressure (Day 1), an intensive antihypertensive treatment was initiated, and the blood pressure and plasma irET-1 levels were monitored on days 2, 8, and 22. When the high blood pressure was brought under control with commonly used antihypertensive medications, plasma irET-1 concentrations dropped dramatically, suggesting that ET-1 concentrations rise as a consequence of high blood pressure in this study group. |
| The effects of a combined low-sodium, high-potassium, high-calcium diet on blood pressure in patients with mild hypertension Grossman, E., A. Vald, et al. (1997), J Hum Hypertens 11(12): 789-94. Abstract: Nutritional sodium, potassium and calcium are considered to be important regulators of blood pressure (BP). The present study evaluates the effects of combined low-sodium (LS), high-potassium (HK), high-calcium (HCa) diet on BP in patients with mild essential hypertension. Thirty-six patients (26 M, 10 F), 24-67 years of age (mean 46 +/- 8), participated in the study. Patients were divided into three groups and given a diet consisting of three 1-month segments, which they followed in different order. Group 1 (n = 11) received LS diet followed by the addition of HCa and then HK. The order in Group 2 (n = 12) was HK-LS-HCa; and in Group 3 (n = 13) it was HCa-HK-LS. The third month of the study all patients were eating a combined LS, HK and HCa diet. Urinary electrolytes were measured to confirm compliance with the diets. After 1 month of the LS diet urinary sodium excretion decreased significantly by 25 mmols/day (95% CI, 1-48 mmols/day); (P < 0.05). Eighteen patients did not comply with the diet. Systolic BP (SBP) only slightly decreased, from 142 mm Hg (95% CI, 137-146 mm Hg) to 138 mm Hg (95% CI, 133-142 mm Hg); (P = 0.11). The change in SBP was related to the change in urinary sodium excretion (R = 0.46; P = 0.006). After 1 month of the HK diet, urinary potassium excretion increased by only 5 mmols/day (P = NS). BP was unaffected by HK and HCa diet. At the end of the study, urinary sodium excretion decreased from 183 mmols/day (95% CI, 155-211 mmols/day) to 148 mmols/day (95% CI, 131-165 mmols/day); (P < 0.05), urinary potassium excretion slightly increased from 75 mmols/day (95% CI, 68-82 mmols/day) to 85 mmols/day (95% CI, 76-94 mmols/day); (P = 0.09), and urinary calcium excretion remained unchanged. BP did not decrease. It is concluded that only the LS diet may be advantageous in patients with mild essential hypertension. |
| The effects of high dose mannitol on cerebral blood flow in dogs with normal intracranial pressure Kassell, N. F., K. W. Baumann, et al. (1982), Stroke 13(1): 59-61. Abstract: In normal dogs, bolus administration of a very high dose of mannitol (2 gm/kg) resulted in a small, transient increase in cerebral blood flow (CBF) of approximately 8 percent lasting less than 10 minutes followed by a significant reduction in CBF of approximately 20 percent lasting at least three hours. The increase in CBF may in part be related to changes in cardiovascular and hematological parameters. No explanation is available for the reduction below control values but, since urine losses were not replace in these animals, changes in the state of hydration may have been responsible. It appears that the increase in CBF resulting from mannitol administered by bolus infusion are of neither sufficient magnitude nor duration to explain the protective effect observed in other studies where cerebral blood flow was reduced below ischemic levels. This suggests then, that either the effect of mannitol on CBF is quantitatively different when flow is reduced to critical levels or that the protective effect observed when the cerebral circulation is compromised is based upon a different mechanism than augmentation of flow. Further studies on the effect of mannitol on CBF in ischemic situations, where the cerebral circulation is compromised, are required. |
| The effects of high oral magnesium supplementation on blood pressure, serum lipids and related variables in apparently healthy Japanese subjects Itoh, K., T. Kawasaka, et al. (1997), Br J Nutr 78(5): 737-50. Abstract: In a double-blind, placebo-controlled study, thirty-three subjects were allocated to undergo either a 4-week treatment with oral Mg supplementation (Mg(OH)2; 411-548 mg Mg/d) or a placebo. The urinary excretion of Mg increased significantly in both the first 2 weeks and the following 2 weeks of Mg supplementation, while the urinary Na excretion also increased significantly over the experimental period. The systolic and diastolic blood pressure values decreased significantly in the Mg group, but not in the placebo group. The urinary aldosterone excretion and packed cell volume increased significantly during the last 2 weeks of the experimental period compared with the run-in period and first 2 weeks of supplementation. There was a statistically significant positive correlation between the values for urinary noradrenaline excretion and diastolic blood pressure at the end of the supplementation period (both expressed as a percentage of the run-in value). Statistically significant increases in lecithin-cholesterol acyltransferase (EC 2.3.1.43; LCAT), HDL-cholesterol and apolipoprotein AI were also observed after Mg supplementation. A significant positive correlation was observed between the levels of LCAT and urinary Mg excretion for the experimental period (expressed as a percentage of the run-in value). The total cholesterol:HDL-cholesterol ratio decreased significantly during the last 2 weeks of Mg supplementation compared with the first 2 weeks and the run-in periods, but this did not occur in the placebo group. These results suggest that Mg supplementation may lower blood pressure through the suppression of the adrenergic activity and possible natriuresis, while also improving the serum lipids through the activation of LCAT in human subjects. |
| The effects of high pressure at low temperatures on red blood cells, plasma and certain viruses Curtis, W. G., W. H. Smith, et al. (1958), Bibl Haematol 14(7): 240-5. |
| The effects of negative pressure external high frequency oscillation on cerebral blood flow and cardiac output of the monkey Barrington, K. J., C. A. Ryan, et al. (1987), Pediatr Res 21(2): 166-9. Abstract: The cerebral and systemic hemodynamic effects of negative pressure ventilation by external high frequency oscillation, utilizing a thoracoabdominal chamber, were investigated in six healthy adult monkeys. Cardiac output and cerebral blood flow were compared on external high frequency oscillation and conventional, positive pressure, mechanical ventilation in each animal. Cardiac output was measured by thermodilution and cerebral blood flow was measured by the intraarterial Xenon133 clearance technique. Oxygen delivery and consumption and systemic and pulmonary vascular resistances were calculated. There was no significant difference between the two ventilatory modes for any of these variables. Cardiac index on conventional mechanical ventilation was 2.87 +/- 0.39 1 X min-1 X m-2 (mean +/- SD) and on external high frequency oscillation was 2.96 +/- 0.87 1 X min-1 X min-2. Cerebral blood flow was 43.9 +/- 9.1 ml X 100 g-1 X min-1 on conventional and 39.0 +/- 9.0 ml X 100 g-1 X min-1 on external high frequency ventilation. External high frequency oscillation is not associated with any adverse cardiovascular or cerebrovascular effects and could be introduced for short-term human trials. |
| The Efficacy and Safety of Low- and High-Dose Fixed Combinations of Irbesartan/Hydrochlorothiazide in Patients With Uncontrolled Systolic Blood Pressure on Monotherapy: The INCLUSIVE Trial Neutel, J. M., E. Saunders, et al. (2005), J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich) 7(10): 578-86. Abstract: This multicenter, prospective, open-label, single-arm study determined the efficacy and safety of irbesartan/hydrochlorothiazide (HCTZ) fixed combinations in patients (n=1005), aged 18 years and older, with uncontrolled systolic blood pressure (SBP) of 140-159 mm Hg (130-159 mm Hg for type 2 diabetes mellitus) after at least 4 weeks of antihypertensive monotherapy. Treatment was sequential: placebo (4-5 weeks), HCTZ 12.5 mg (2 weeks), irbesartan/HCTZ 150/12.5 mg (8 weeks), and irbesartan/HCTZ 300/25 mg (8 weeks). Enrolled patients (n=844) were aged 57.3+/-11.2 years; 52% were women, 23% were African American, and 14% were Hispanic. Thirty percent had type 2 diabetes mellitus, 46% had metabolic syndrome, and baseline blood pressure was 154.0+/-10.3/91.3+/-8.8 mm Hg. The mean change in SBP from placebo end to the primary end point, Week 18 (intent-to-treat population, n=736) was -21.5+/-14.3 mm Hg (p<0.001). The mean change in diastolic blood pressure (DBP) was -10.4+/-8.7 mm Hg (p<0.001). The mean Week 18 SBP/DBP was 132.9+/-13.8/81.1+/-9.7 mm Hg. Overall, 77% (95% confidence interval, 74%-80%) of patients achieved SBP goal (<140 mm Hg; <130 mm Hg for type 2 diabetes mellitus); 83% (95% confidence interval, 80%-86%) achieved DBP goal (<90 mm Hg; <80 mm Hg for type 2 diabetes mellitus); and 69% (95% confidence interval, 66%-72%) achieved dual SBP/DBP goal. Treatments were well tolerated. This irbesartan/HCTZ treatment regimen achieved SBP goals in more than 75% of patients uncontrolled on monotherapy. |
| The emotional problems of high blood pressure Weiss, E., O. S. English, et al. (1952), Ann Intern Med 37(4): 677-88. |
| The employee high blood pressure program of the National Institutes of Health Wasserman, B. P. (1982), Public Health Rep 97(2): 122-6. Abstract: Adequate control of high blood pressure remains a significant problem for many hypertensives detected through screening programs. The worksite is an ideal place in which to help workers control their high blood pressure. The Occupational Medical Service (OMS) at the National Institutes of Health developed and implemented a protocol to screen, refer, follow up, and monitor hypertensive employees. Approximately one-half of the workers were screened at a cost of $1.70 per employee. Alternative approaches to improving the effectiveness of a building-to-building screening program were suggested. Of the employees screened, 85.3 percent had normal blood pressure, 7.8 percent had borderline blood pressure, and 6.9 percent had high blood pressure. The two-steps screening process reduced by one-third the number of persons referred for evaluation of persistently high blood pressure. Among the hypertensive employees on treatment, 53.7 percent had normal readings. Of the 263 newly diagnosed and poorly controlled hypertensives who were referred to their private physicians for care, 73 percent were actually evaluated. Measures to increase the likelihood of a successful referral and followup included providing a list of medical resources in the community and assigning a nurse rather than a clear to contact employees for a repeat blood pressure check. Monitoring and education services are being provided to 70 percent of the known hypertensives. Adequate blood pressure control in NIH employees has improved by one-third as a result of the program. |
| The European Working Party on High Blood Pressure in the Elderly Amery, A. and A. De Schaepdryver (1991), Am J Med 90(3A): 1S-4S. |
| The fifth Joint National Committee report on the detection, evaluation and treatment of high blood pressure Frohlich, E. D. (1993), J Am Coll Cardiol 22(2): 621-2. |
| The Fifth Report of the Joint National Committee on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure: a resource for occupational health Young, J. M. (1995), Aaohn J 43(6): 301-5. Abstract: 1. Hypertension continues to be a significant medical and public health concern affecting as many as 50 million Americans. 2. Early detection, treatment, and control of hypertension is important in reducing coronary heart disease, stroke, and mortality. 3. Occupational health professionals have a great opportunity to enhance detection, treatment, and control of hypertension through worksite health programs. 4. The Joint National Committee on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure's publication, "The Fifth Report of the Joint National Committee," is a valuable resource to occupational health professionals in addressing employee hypertension in the workplace. |
| The fifth report of the Joint National Committee on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure: insights and highlights from the chairman Gifford, R. W., Jr. (1993), Cleve Clin J Med 60(4): 273-7. Abstract: The fifth Joint National Committee on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure (JNC V) has recommended a new algorithm for treating hypertension that emphasizes the use of drugs shown in randomized clinical trials to reduce cardiovascular morbidity and mortality--namely, diuretics and beta blockers. The report contains several new sections, including new data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III) on prevalence, awareness, treatment, and control of hypertension, a new classification schema that includes systolic and diastolic criteria, and sections on the effects of cocaine, lithotripsy, cyclosporine, and erythropoietin to induce or aggravate hypertension. Other topics have been greatly expanded, including special populations and situations, primary prevention of hypertension, and life-style modifications. The JNC V report has also added alpha-1 adrenergic blocking agents and the alpha-beta blocker labetalol to the list of drugs suitable for initial monotherapy in managing hypertension. |
| The genetic component in high blood pressure Pickering, G. W. (1957), Triangle 3(2): 59-66. |
| The HEDIS performance NAVIGATOR for controlling high blood pressure: a resource to assist health plans improve patient adherence Turpin, R., K. Jungkind, et al. (2003), Dis Manag 6(1): 43-51. Abstract: This article describes how the resources in the Health Plan Employer and Data Information Set (HEDIS; a registered trademark of the National Committee for Quality Assurance) Performance NAVIGATOR for Controlling High Blood Pressure (HEDIS NAVIGATOR) developed by Merck & Co., Inc. assist managed care organizations in understanding and encouraging the active involvement of their members in adhering to a treatment plan developed in partnership by physicians and patients. (HEDIS is a set of standardized performance measures that enable purchasers and consumers to make informed decisions regarding the quality of managed care organizations.) The discussion uses the Health Belief and Transtheoretical Models as a framework to better understand patient behavior change. Targeted strategies to facilitate adherence are also addressed. Examples of structured programs using nationally recommended guidelines and HEDIS NAVIGATOR resources are included to illustrate coordinated efforts to assist patients with high blood pressure adhere to their treatment plan and help managed care organizations improve patient outcomes and HEDIS scores. |
| The herbal medicine tian ma gou teng yen alters the development of high blood pressure in the spontaneously hypertensive rat Zhang, T. X., Y. F. Wang, et al. (1989), Am J Chin Med 17(3-4): 211-9. Abstract: In this study, the effect of the herbal prescription Tian Ma Gou Teng Yen (TGY), which is traditionally used to treat certain diseases associated with elevated arterial pressure (AP), on the general development of hypertension was investigated in the spontaneously hypertensive rat (SHR). An aqueous extract of TGY was given orally (0.5 ml/100g body weight) to 5 week old SHR twice a day for six consecutive days followed by one day without herbal therapy. The herbal prescription was administered until the SHR were 16 weeks of age. Administration of TGY significantly altered the development and prevented hypertension in SHR. On the other hand, heart rate, body weight, food and water intake, and urine volume and electrolytes were not altered. These data suggest that the effect of TGY on AP was through an action of TGY on sympathetic vasomotor activity. |
| The High Blood Pressure and You Education Program Hale, C. D., N. Richards, et al. (1988), J Sch Health 58(6): 251-2. |
| The high pressure liquid chromatography of corticoids. II. Analysis of synthetic corticoids in blood and urine (author's transl) Saito, Z., E. Amatsu, et al. (1979), Nippon Naibunpi Gakkai Zasshi 55(10): 1296-306. Abstract: The high pressure liquid chromatographic (HPLC) technique was developed to separate and quantitate the synthetic corticosteroids (s-CS) which are widely used clinically. 1) 12 kinds of s-CS in alcoholic solvent and 2) some of their metabolites in the plasma and urine of healthy subjects with oral administration of s-CS were investigated for the preliminary work. The results are summarized as follows: 1) Cortisol sodium phosphate, Dexamethasone 21, disodium phosphate, Paramethasone acetate, Cortisol acetate, Cortisone acetate, Methylprednisolone acetate, Prednisone, Dexamethasone, 9 alpha-fluorocortisol, Betamethasone, Triamcinolone, and Prednisolone in ethanol were clearly separated by HPLC from Cortisol (F). In the suitable condition of the HPLC (LC-2 type) with a Zorbax SIL column, organic solvent (cyclohexane:dichloromethane:ethanol = 9:4:1)-carrier mobile phases and UV detector, the retention time of each s-CS was obviously different from that of F. The calibration curve was obtained in a linear line with regards to each s-CS. The mean recovery was 97.6% and the coefficient of variation were 1.6 (intraassay) and 7.2 (interassay)%. The sensitivity of the steroid determination was 200pg order. 2) The serial changes in plasma concentrations of s-CS; CS-metabolites and endogenous F were shown in 3 healthy males and 2 females following oral administration of the s-CS. The separated metabolites in number and quality depended on the kind of s-CS. Prednisone and other kinds of the acidified products were separated from prednisolone in the plasma and urinary samples of the healthy subjects as well as Addisonian patients. In conclusion, the HPLC method is useful for the separation and quantitation of the UV-absorbing CS of human plasma and urine. The obtained chromatograms may be an indication of the metabolic state of the subject with treatment of s-CS. |
| The 'high-risk' and 'mass' strategies for control of blood pressure Chalmers, J. P. (1995), J Hypertens 13(4): 375-6. |
| The hypoganglionic and aganglionic high pressure zone of the anterior esophagus (the esophageal opening) and its special blood supply (angiomuscular sphincter closure Stelzner, F., W. Lierse, et al. (1986), Langenbecks Arch Chir 367(3): 187-96. Abstract: At the mouth of the oesophagus there is an aganglionic zone similar to that in the anorectal organ of continence. This is part of the system of permanent closure. Since the musculature at the oesophageal entrance is arranged in a screw-like fashion the aganglionic zone lies obliquely to the longitudinal axis of the oesophagus. Closure at the oesophageal entrance is further supported by a kind of corpus cavernosum similar to that in the rectum. In this pharyngeal corpus cavernosum blood is drained between the muscular fibres and their contraction prevents its drainage, thus facilitating the closure of the musculature. The constrictor pharyngeus muscle takes a similar course as does the puborectalis which leads to a bend in the anal canal. Thus also at the entrance to the gastrointestinal tract an arterial angiomuscular system of closure exists in the center of which an aganglionic segment is conspicuous. |
| The impact of patients perceptions of high blood pressure on attendance at screening, An extension of the Health Belief Model King, J. B. (1982), Soc Sci Med 16(10): 1079-91. Abstract: This study is concerned with a neglected area: the synthesis of two approaches relevant to health-related behaviour-the Health Belief Model and Attribution Theory. A prospective design was used to test the combination of health beliefs and causal attributions that predispose patients to attend a screening for raised blood pressure. It was proposed that causal attributions concerning high blood pressure (HBP) would (i) affect other health beliefs, (iii) would act in conjunction with health beliefs in relation to actual behaviour and (iii) might show, in some cases, a more direct influence on behaviour and behavioural intention. One hundred and three adults responded to the questionnaire. Multivariate analyses were used to discriminate between the characteristics of attenders and non-attenders. The general prediction was confirmed: overall, eight factors comparing both HBM and attributional items produced a highly significant discrimination. A correlational analysis revealed a variety of linear relationships between HBM-items and causal attributions. Much of the variance in attendance was accounted for by the intention variable, and multiple regression analysis was performed to examine the determinants or intention, as a significant intervening factor between beliefs and behaviour. Participation bias limits the generalisability of these findings. The potential significance of causal attribution as predictors of both health beliefs and behaviour is nevertheless apparent. The implications of such a synthesis of approaches are discussed in terms of psychological theory and health education. |
| The influence of a high-fibre diet on body weight, serum lipids and blood pressure in slightly overweight persons. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled investigation with diet and fibre tablets (DumoVital) Solum, T. T., K. R. Ryttig, et al. (1987), Int J Obes 11 Suppl 1: 67-71. Abstract: Sixty slightly overweight women were treated with a weight-reducing diet for 12 weeks in a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. In addition to the diet 30 women received dietary fibre tablets, whereas the remaining 30 women received identical-looking placebo tablets. During the trial both groups experienced a significant reduction in body weight (P less than 0.01). The mean weight loss 8.5 kg (7.5-9.5 kg) in the fibre group was significantly higher than that of the placebo group 6.7 kg (4.8-8.0 kg) (P less than 0.01). Both serum triglyceride and serum cholesterol concentrations were significantly lowered (P less than or equal to 0.02) after treatment in both groups. No significant differences were detected between the groups. Both systolic and diastolic blood pressure were significantly reduced (P less than 0.01) in the fibre group. No significant reduction in blood pressure was found in the placebo group. Side-effects, which were gastrointestinal in nature, were of low frequency. We conclude that supplementation with dietary fibre of the form used in this study is useful in the treatment of overweight women. |
| The influence of chronic high alcohol intake on blood pressure, plasma noradrenaline concentration and plasma renin concentration Ibsen, H., N. J. Christensen, et al. (1981), Clin Sci (Lond) 61 Suppl 7: 377s-379s. Abstract: 1. Sixteen 44-year-old males with chronic high alcohol intake were investigated. Seventeen 44-year-old males with low alcohol intake from the same population served as controls. 2. Plasma noradrenaline concentrations did not differ significantly between individuals with high and low alcohol intake, neither at rest nor after acute stimulation induced by ambulation for 15 min. However, 63% (10 out of 16) of the individuals with high intake showed resting values within the upper quartile range for individuals with low intake. 3. Plasma renin concentration was twice as high (P less than 0.01) in the group with high alcohol intake as in the group with low intake. 4. Systolic as well as diastolic blood pressure was significantly higher (P less than 0.01) in the group with high intake compared with the group with low intake. 5. Sympathetic nerve activity, as defined from measurements of plasma noradrenaline concentration, is not uniformly increased in individuals with chronic high alcohol intake. The mechanism behind the increased plasma renin level as well as the possible role of the renin--angiotensin system in alcohol-induced hypertension remain unsettled. |