| For medical practitioners and the general public - High Blood Pressure Journal Article Catalog. |
|
|
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
| First Page | Previous Page | Next Page | Last Page |
| Blood pressure behavior and pathomorphology in the rat following application of high doses of depot angiotensin Matthias, D., E. Engler, et al. (1975), Acta Biol Med Ger 34(4): 625-33. Abstract: In 55 rats, not accustomed to the process of blood pressure measurement and given daily doses from 1.25 - 10.0 mg angiotensin in depot form for up to 3 days, as much as 70% of the animals died of circulatory failure. Blood pressure increase was either absent or was very low after low doses. Histologically, the myocardium revealed focal destruction of muscle fibres with mesenchymal cell proliferation in many places; the epithelium of numerous renal tubuli was changed hydropically; the liver showed focal necroses of the parenchyma; the adrenal cortex showed stress reactions, and the arterioles of the splanchnic area -- changes of the plasmatic vasculose from the 3rd day of experiment. By contrast, in 51 rats accustomed to the measuring process prior to the experiment and given high doses of angiotensin, only moderate blood pressure rise and scattered cases of death (4%) occurred, low doses caused a strong blood pressure elevation. With otherwise equal histologic organ diagnoses, liver necroses were absent, except for two cases. This differential response of the two animal groups to varying angiotensin doses and the pathogenesis of the changes observed are discussed. |
| Blood pressure behavior under high dosage of raubasine in man Kronig, B., W. Schwarz, et al. (1971), Verh Dtsch Ges Inn Med 77: 1013-7. |
| Blood pressure control according to new guidelines targets in low- to high-risk hypertensives managed in specialist care Vandergheynst, A., P. van de Borne, et al. (2005), J Hypertens 23(4): 900-1. |
| Blood pressure control according to new guidelines targets in low- to high-risk hypertensives managed in specialist practice Mancia, G., A. C. Pessina, et al. (2004), J Hypertens 22(12): 2387-96. Abstract: OBJECTIVE: It is well established that adequate blood pressure (BP) control characterizes only a fraction of treated hypertensive patients. Few reports are available on BP control in relation to the cardiovascular risk profile in patients followed by specialist physicians. METHODS: We evaluated the cardiovascular risk profile (according to recent ESH/ESC Guidelines), antihypertensive drug treatment and systolic and diastolic blood pressure values (SBP/DBP) by semi-automatic BP monitoring in 2775 hypertensive patients, aged 60.6 +/- 16.1 years (mean +/- SD), followed by 131 specialist centres in northern (34.5%), central (28.1%) and southern (37.4%) Italy. Of these patients, 94.6% received antihypertensive treatment with one (36.9%) or more (57.7%) drugs. RESULTS: Optimal SBP and DBP control (< 140/90 mmHg) was shown by 37.5% of the patients, the rate of controlled values being much greater for DBP (64.4%) than for SBP (40.2%). About one-third of patients displayed BP values in the higher range (>/= 160/95 mmHg). No difference in BP control was found in relation to different geographic areas, patient's gender, occupational activity and attitude to the use of home blood pressure monitoring. BP control was inversely related to patient's age and directly related to educational level. It was more manifest in low- or medium-risk categories than in higher-risk patients (43.2 versus 34.9%). Follow-up visits performed after 6 and 12 months after patient enrollment have shown an improvement in blood pressure control (from 40.7 to 51.8%), related to therapeutic modifications and better compliance. CONCLUSIONS: These data provide evidence that BP control in different Italian geographic areas remains largely inadequate, particularly for SBP and high-risk patients. They also suggest that an improvement in treatment compliance may produce favourable therapeutic effects. |
| Blood pressure control after a 1-year follow-up in high risk subjects screened in occupational medicine Cambou, J., C. Cothereau, et al. (2005), J Hypertens 23(8): A13. |
| Blood pressure control after a one year follow-up in high risk subject screened in occupational medicine Cambou, J. P., C. Cothereau, et al. (2005), Arch Mal Coeur Vaiss 98(7-8): 789-93. Abstract: OBJECTIVE: To identify factors predicting the success or the failure of intervention on blood pressure in a population estimated at high risks. METHODS: The program "Coeur 2001" has analysed the absolute cardiovascular risk (ACVR Framingham) in 107 371 voluntary French railways employees. In the company, were considered at high risk (HR), subjects for whom risk was > or = to the 95th percentile of the distribution of the observed ACVR by age range: ACVR > or = 4.5% before 35 years, 12% between 35 and 45 years and 19% beyond 45 years, i.e. a total of 4 190 subjects. These subjects were warned about their risk and advised to choose and consult a physician. A two-year follow up was planned. Identical data (risk factors, ACVR, type of management and therapies) were collected during the first consultation with the occupational physician (T0), one year later (T1) and two years later (T2). RESULTS: Our work concerned 2376 employees at HR, consulting at T1. At T1, 54% of subjects were in the hight risk group (SHR) 48% when BP at T1 was < 140/90 mmHg and 62% when the BP was > or = 140/90 mmHg. The mean decrease of the systolic BP (SBP) was 4 mmHg in the whole sample, 7.7 mmHg in subjects with normalised ACVR, and it remained stable in the group still at HR (-0.7 mmHg). At T0, blood pressure (BP) was > or = 140/90 mmHg in 55.8% of the patients and 38.4 at T1. This high BP was associated with higher frequency of diabetes (14 vs 7%) and overweight (BMI > or =30 kg/m2; 32.8 vs 19.7%). The percentage of treated hypertensive subjects had increased from 35 to 62% but one third of uncontrolled hypertensive subjects was treated by mono therapies at T1. CONCLUSION: To keep BP under control is a difficult task in routine medicine. At T1, despite a more aggressive treatment, 38% of subjects at high risk were still hypertensive subjects. |
| Blood pressure during adolescence: a study among Belgian adolescents selected from a high cardiovascular risk population Paulus, D., A. Saint-Remy, et al. (1999), Eur J Epidemiol 15(9): 783-90. Abstract: INTRODUCTION: The Belgian province of Luxembourg has a high incidence of cardiovascular (CV) disease according to the MONICA register. Surveys conducted in adults and children have also found high CV risk factor levels in this province. DESIGN: cross-sectional study. OBJECTIVE OF THE PRESENT STUDY: To collect data about blood pressure (BP) and its determinants in adolescents from this high CV risk population and to analyse their relationship. PARTICIPANTS: 1526 adolescents (12-17 years) in 24 secondary schools of the province. RESULTS: Mean systolic BP levels were 125 mm Hg (sd = 12 mm Hg) and 122 mm Hg (sd = 11 mm Hg) for boys and girls, respectively. Mean diastolic BP was equal to 74 mm Hg (sd = 10 mm Hg) in both genders. Systolic BP increased with age and differed significantly between genders from 15 years onwards. Body fatness indices increased with age except waist-to-hip ratio in girls and triceps skinfold in boys. Regression models including age, anthropometric indices and physical activity explained a small percentage of BP variance (for systolic BP, r2 = 0.21 and 0.12 for boys and girls, respectively). Weight was the first parameter related to BP in correlation and regression analyses. CONCLUSIONS: This study showed high BP and body fatness indices in adolescents from a high CV risk population. The model under study showed a moderate relationship between body fatness and BP. This finding suggests other influences as a genetic component to account for the high levels observed. |
| Blood pressure high? A new definition of normal makes 45 million Americans "prehypertensive" Gorman, C. (2003), Time 161(21): 79. |
| Blood pressure in a community at high altitude (3000m) at Pooh (North India) Dasgupta, D. J., B. S. Prasher, et al. (1982), J Epidemiol Community Health 36(4): 251-5. |
| Blood pressure in a high school population. I. Standards for blood pressure and the relation of age, sex, weight, height, and race to blood pressure in children 14 to 18 years of age Goldring, D., S. Londe, et al. (1977), J Pediatr 91(6): 884-9. Abstract: This is a report on the initial from an ongoing study of blood pressure in ninth to twelfth grade students in the St. Louis metropolitan area. The purpose was to establish standards, to determine the incidence of hypertension, and to examine the relationship of blood pressure to age, weight, height, sex, and race. Subjects with persistent hypertension were to be investigated and checked annually as long as they were in high school. Students in the ninth grade at the beginning of the project were to be screened each year for four years. |
| Blood pressure in a high school population. II. Clinical profile of the juvenile hypertensive Goldring, D., A. Hernandez, et al. (1979), J Pediatr 95(2): 298-304. Abstract: One-hundred-fourteen hypertensive high school students were evaluated to determine whether a distinctive clinical profile could be identified; 71 normotensive students served as controls. Selected blood chemistry determinations, urinalysis, and chest roentgenograms were done to help rule out secondary causes of hypertension. Left ventricular function was assessed by echocardiography and systolic time intervals. The hemodynamic response to exercise was also evaluated. A significant number of the subjects 14 to 18 years of age with persistent systolic and/or diastolic pressure 1.65 SD above the mean for age and sex showed the following: obesity; elevated serum triglyceride concentration; basilar hypertrophy by electrocardiogram/vectorcardiogram; electromechanical systole and pre-ejection period shorter, and the ratio of the pre-ejection period over the left ventricular ejection time lower, than mean for age and sex as determined by systolic time intervals; volume indices depressed and cardiac contractile functions elevated as determined by echocardiography; higher blood pressure at start of exercise stress test and higher peak systolic and diastolic pressures during test, and a slower return of heart rate to base line level after the test. The above findings should be useful in following the course of a young individual with essential hypertension and may provide a means of evaluating therapeutic intervention. |
| Blood pressure in a high school population. Standards for blood pressure and the relation of age, sex, weight and body surface to blood pressure De Martinis, C., P. Natale, et al. (1980), Panminerva Med 22(4): 205-9. |
| Blood pressure in aluminum plant workers employed in high and in normal temperature sections in Ardal Lund-Larsen, P. G. and B. E. Dahlberg (1981), Tidsskr Nor Laegeforen 101(33): 1892-5. |
| Blood pressure measurements and left ventricular mass in young adults with arterial hypertension screened at high school check-up Chamontin, B., J. Amar, et al. (1994), J Hum Hypertens 8(5): 357-61. Abstract: The aim of this study was to determine which BP measurement is the best related to target organ damage. There were 49 young adults with a history of childhood hypertension (school check-up) and to increase the prevalence of hypertension in the study group, 25 males 24 females, aged 20.1 +/- 2.2 years old were included in the study. All patients had a diurnal ambulatory BP monitoring and office BP measurements taken with a sphygmomanometer and with an oscillometric device during a 15 minute period monitoring (Dinamap BP). Echocardiography and blood samples (cholesterol and triglycerides) were performed in all patients. In contrast with office BP, a mean ambulatory SBP and mean Dinamap SBP significantly correlated to left ventricular mass index (LVMI) (P < 0.01). There was also a correlation between triglycerides and mean Dinamap SBP (P < 0.01) which could suggest an early insulin resistance. In this selected population, a short period BP monitoring, as well as ambulatory BP, is more closely related to LVMI than office BP. |
| Blood pressure of alloxan diabetic rats at regular and high salt intake Luft, F. C., L. I. Rankin, et al. (1981), Clin Exp Hypertens 3(3): 509-22. Abstract: To identify any relationship between diabetes mellitus and high salt intake in the production of hypertension, we studied the effect of a regular and high salt diet on blood pressure in rats made diabetic with alloxan. The diabetic animals developed marked hyperglycemia, glycosuria, and azotemia out of proportion to changes in glomerular filtration rate. Non-diabetic rats and diabetic rats on a high salt intake in excess of 14 mEq/day developed modest but significant increases in blood pressure, while diabetic rats on a regular diet did not. We conclude that diabetic rats have no greater susceptibility to salt-induced hypertension than rats receiving only salt. Although it is possible that dehydration may have served to attenuate blood pressure increases in our diabetic animals, the diabetic state per se does not appear to result in severe hypertension in the rat regardless of sodium intake. |
| Blood pressure recording at high altitude simultaneously with mercury and aneroid sphygmomanometer Das Gupta, D. J., A. Dhawan, et al. (1988), J Assoc Physicians India 36(4): 291. |
| Blood pressure regulation on low and high sodium diets in normotensive members of normotensive or hypertensive families Pusterla, C., C. Beretta-Piccoli, et al. (1986), J Hypertens Suppl 4(6): S310-3. Abstract: In members of hypertensive families a high sodium intake may have a pressor effect. The mechanism mediating the sodium sensitivity is unclear. Blood pressure, exchangeable sodium, plasma levels of norepinephrine, epinephrine, renin and aldosterone, the pressor response to infused norepinephrine or angiotensin II and the urinary excretion of prostaglandin (PG) E2 and F2 alpha were measured after 7 days of low sodium diet (urinary sodium 13 +/- 10 s.d. mmol/24 h) and 7 days of high sodium intake (urinary sodium 268 +/- 97 mmol/24 h) in 10 normotensive men without and 13 men with family history of essential hypertension. After the low sodium phase, blood pressure, heart rate, exchangeable sodium, plasma levels of norepinephrine, epinephrine, renin and aldosterone, pressor doses of norepinephrine or angiotensin II and the urinary excretion of PGE2 or PGF2 alpha did not differ between the two groups. After the high sodium phase, blood pressure increased only in subjects with positive (P less than 0.05) but not in those with negative family history. In the two groups exchangeable sodium increased (P less than 0.05) and plasma levels of NE (-33% versus -32%), renin (-31% versus -27%) or aldosterone (-74% versus -61%) and pressor doses of NE (-55% versus -54%) or ANG II (-72% versus -44%) decreased by a comparable extent. Urinary PGE2 or PGF2 alpha were unchanged. These findings suggest that a high dietary sodium intake exerts a pressor effect in subjects with familial predisposition to essential hypertension. This pressor effect is not explained by an abnormal adaptation of body sodium, sympathetic activity, renin-angiotensin-aldosterone axis, cardiovascular pressor responsiveness and renal prostaglandin excretion to a high sodium diet. |
| Blood pressure response and plasma fentanyl concentrations during high- and very high-dose fentanyl anesthesia for coronary artery surgery Wynands, J. E., G. E. Townsend, et al. (1983), Anesth Analg 62(7): 661-5. Abstract: We examined whether different plasma fentanyl concentrations could maintain hemodynamic stability during coronary artery surgery. Two randomly selected groups of 10 patients were studied. Patients in group 1 received a single 75-micrograms/kg intravenous dose of fentanyl; patients in group 2 received the same dose but it was followed by an infusion of fentanyl at a rate of 0.75 micrograms/kg/min. The total dose of fentanyl in group 2 was 162 +/- 6.5 micrograms/kg (mean +/- SEM). At some point during surgery, all 10 patients in group 1 and 7 of 10 patients in group 2 had a hypertensive response. Plasma fentanyl concentrations in the two groups were not significantly different in the period 10-45 min after induction of anesthesia. At 60 min, corresponding to the time of aortic root dissection, mean plasma fentanyl concentration was statistically significantly lower in group 1 than in group 2 (13.5 +/- 1.4 ng/ml and 24 +/- 2.3 ng/ml, respectively, P less than 0.01). However, no significant difference was observed in the frequency of hypertensive response between the two groups in the period before cardiopulmonary bypass. During cardiopulmonary bypass, plasma fentanyl concentrations in group 1 were 2-3 times lower than those in group 2, and hypertension was observed in all 10 patients in group 1 but in only 2 patients in group 2 (P less than 0.05). Patients in group 1 were ventilated for 16.6 +/- 1.5 h, and those in group 2 for 19.1 +/- 1.8 h, postoperatively (P greater than 0.05). Six patients in group 1 required vasodilating drugs, whereas eight patients in group 2 required alpha-adrenergic agonists. Although the plasma fentanyl concentrations achieved were not successful in totally suppressing a hypertensive response, this study suggests that a plasma fentanyl concentration might be attainable to effect this. |
| Blood pressure response during long-term treatment with magnesium is dependent on magnesium status. A double-blind, placebo-controlled study in essential hypertension and in subjects with high-normal blood pressure Lind, L., H. Lithell, et al. (1991), Am J Hypertens 4(8): 674-9. Abstract: Both experimental and epidemiological studies support the idea of magnesium supplementation in essential hypertension. We added 15 mmol Mg to a free diet in 71 subjects with mild essential hypertension or a high-normal blood pressure in a double-blind, placebo-controlled study over 6 months. The treatment, which raised urinary magnesium excretion 30%, induced no general effects on the blood pressure. However, when the changes in blood pressure in the actively treated group were related to the pretreatment magnesium status, a correlation was found between pretreatment urinary magnesium excretion and the induced change in supine blood pressure (P less than.05) with a blood pressure reduction in subjects with a low pretreatment urinary excretion of magnesium, and a pressor effect in the subjects with the highest pretreatment levels of urinary magnesium. The induced change in blood pressure was furthermore found to be inversely correlated to the changes in serum magnesium and urinary excretion of sodium (P less than.03) induced by treatment indicating that both a direct calcium antagonist action of magnesium at the cellular level as well as a diuretic effect of the increased magnesium load might be involved in the blood pressure effects of magnesium. Pretreatment serum potassium concentration also appeared to be a predictor of the induced change in standing blood pressure (P less than.03). In conclusion, magnesium supplementation does not seem to be effective in unselected mild hypertensive subjects or in subjects with a high-normal blood pressure and can therefore not be generally recommended.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) |
| Blood pressure response in 24 hours in patients with high blood pressure treated with two nifedipine formulations once a day Rodriguez-Roa, E., A. Octavio, et al. (2002), J Hum Hypertens 16 Suppl 1: S151-5. Abstract: A double-blind, comparative and prospective study with nifedipine once a day was undertaken, in patients with mild and moderate high blood pressure. Blood pressure was measured by mercury sphygmomanometer in two positions: resting and sitting at 3, 6 and 12 weeks of treatment and by ambulatory blood pressure monitoring (ABPM) over 24 h; both were carried out before and after the treatment and the uniformity in the pressure levels were obtained by means of the Smoothness Index. Fifty-four patients were included in the trial, 28 in the microgranules group and 26 in the osmotic pump group. These groups were similar at the baseline in age, gender, weight, height, diastolic and systolic blood pressure. The nifedipine microgranules group had a heart rate higher than the nifedipine osmotic pump group at baseline (X(M) = 75.58 vs. X(B) = 70.75). Blood pressure decreased significantly during the first 3 weeks; 85% in the microgranules group and 75% in the osmotic pump group reached a blood pressure < or =140/90 mm Hg at the end of the study. Three patients in the microgranules group and two in the osmotic pump group required an additional antihypertensive drug. In both groups, the average blood pressure over 24 h was lowered without differences between groups. A decrease was induced in the heart rate in both groups which reached a marginal statistical significance in the microgranules nifedipine group. No changes were induced in the laboratory tests; two patients in the microgranules (8%) nifedipine group and five in the nifedipine osmotic pump group, adverse effects were observed, of which only one in each group required stopping the treatment. |
| Blood pressure response to an angiotensin II antagonist in thyrotoxic patients with and without high blood pressure Ogihara, T., T. Hata, et al. (1980), Endocrinol Jpn 27(2): 223-7. Abstract: An angiotensin II antagonist, sacrosine1, isoleucine8 angiotensin II, was infused into thyrotoxic patients. Blood pressure was monitored before and during the infusions to investigate whether the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system was involved in the maintenance of blood pressure in normotensive and hypertensive thyrotoxic patients. Five out of 17 normotensive patients with hyperthyroidism showed more than a 10 mmHg decrease in mean blood pressure in response to the infusion (responders), while the remaining 12 patients showed no substantial change in blood pressure (non-responders). The infusion caused little change in blood pressure in 8 hyperthyroid patients with systolic hypertension. The mean levels of serum thyroxine, triiodothyronine, plasma renin activity and plasma aldosterone concentration in the normotensive responders were significantly higher than the values in the normotensive non-responders. There were no significant differences in these laboratory values between the hypertensive patients and the normotensive non-responders except that serum triiodothyronine levels were significantly higher in the hypertensive patients. The present study indicates that increased activity of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system is involved in the maintenance of blood pressure in most normotensive patients with severe hyperthyroidism, while hypertension in patients with hyperthyroidism is not angiotensin II dependent. |
| Blood pressure response to angiotensin II in pregnant and lactating goats maintained on high or low sodium intake Olsson, K., K. Dahlborn, et al. (1987), Acta Physiol Scand 129(1): 73-80. Abstract: Goats were kept on either high (274 mmol day-1) or low (68 mmol day-1) sodium intake during pregnancy, lactation, and anoestrus. High salt (HS) animals had about three times greater renal Na excretion than low salt (LS) animals, but the differences in plasma volume, protein concentration, and haematocrit were generally not significant. Angiotensin II (AII) was infused intravenously for 28-min periods in doses of 0.30, 0.75, or 1.00 nmol min-1. The increase in mean arterial blood pressure (MAP) during AII infusions was greater in HS than in LS goats, but became attenuated in all animals during the course of the pregnancy. In LS goats the MAP rise was smaller in late pregnancy than during lactation and anoestrus. In HS goats the rise in MAP was exaggerated in early pregnancy and was similar to lactation and anoestrus values in late pregnancy. During lactation and anoestrus the goats showed similar MAP increase in response to AII infusions. The pulse pressure was greater during AII infusions performed in early pregnancy, lactation and anoestrus than in late pregnancy. Cardiac arrhythmias were noted during AII infusions, most frequently during lactation and in HS goats in early pregnancy. The results show that a moderately elevated sodium intake causes a significantly higher MAP increase in response to AII infusions during pregnancy. This abolishes the reduction of the MAP increase to AII infusions during late pregnancy as compared to anoestrus; a phenomenon which is observed in goats on a low sodium intake. |
| Blood pressure response to detrusor pressure elevation in patients with a reflex urinary bladder after a cervical or high thoracic spinal cord injury Thyberg, M., P. Ertzgaard, et al. (1992), Scand J Rehabil Med 24(4): 187-93. Abstract: In 12 patients with a reflex urinary bladder after a cervical or high thoracic spinal cord injury, blood pressure was measured every 30 s during cystometry. Four consecutive cystometries were performed by means of suprapubical catheters and 50 ml/min filling rate. The aim was to improve the methodological basis for cystometrical studies of paroxysmal hypertension and its treatment. In each cystometry there was an elevation of the systolic (20-60 mmHg) and the diastolic (15-55 mmHg) blood pressure. The maximum blood pressure always occurred during the emptying phase and always in close relation to the peak of the detrusor pressure. The amplitude of the blood pressure response varied intraindividually, but did not change in any particular direction during the series of cystometries. Thus, a cystometrical method which stimulates the detrusor in a physiological way is sufficient to give the typical uninhibited blood pressure reaction in most patients with a reflex bladder and a spinal reflex vasomotor function after a high level spinal cord injury. The blood pressure reaction obtained with this method is probably representative for the daily reaction during physiological reflex emptying of the bladder. To describe the maximum blood pressure reaction, it has to be measured during a well defined emptying phase and close to the occurrence of the maximum detrusor pressure. Since repetition of cystometry did not change the blood pressure response, this cystometrical method is useful for evaluation of pharmacological intervention. |
| Blood pressure responses to high-calcium skim milk and potassium-enriched high-calcium skim milk Hilary Green, J., J. K. Richards, et al. (2000), J Hypertens 18(9): 1331-9. Abstract: OBJECTIVE: This study was designed to evaluate the effect of high-calcium skim milk or potassium-enriched high-calcium skim milk on blood pressure compared with nonenriched skim milk. DESIGN: This was a randomized double-blind controlled trial. Each milk intervention lasted for 4 weeks, with a minimum of 4 weeks of wash-out between interventions. METHODS: We recruited 38 healthy people, aged over 40 years, to take part in a double-blind, randomized, controlled cross-over study. We asked them to replace their usual liquid milk with two servings per day of skim milk (control), high-calcium skim milk or potassium-enriched high-calcium skim milk. We measured office blood pressures (seated and standing) at the start and after 2 and 4 weeks of milk intervention and we measured daytime ambulatory blood pressures at the start and after 4 weeks of milk intervention. Each milk intervention was interspaced by a 4-week interval. RESULTS: Office systolic blood pressure (standing) decreased from 127 +/- 16 to 124 +/- 16 mmHg (P<0.05) after 4 weeks of skim milk and from 130 +/- 18 to 126 +/- 17 mmHg (P<0.05) after 4 weeks of high calcium skim milk. After 4 weeks of consuming the potassium-enriched high-calcium milk, systolic blood pressure decreased from 125 +/- 18 to 117 +/- 16 mmHg (P<0.001) seated, and from 130 +/- 16 to 122 +/- 15 mmHg (P<0.001) standing. There were no significant changes in office diastolic blood pressure after any milk. There was no change in ambulatory blood pressure after either skim milk or high-calcium skim milk. After 4 weeks of potassium-enriched high-calcium milk, ambulatory daytime systolic blood pressure decreased from 138 +/- 13 to 135 +/- 11 mm Hg (P<0.05) and daytime diastolic blood pressure decreased from 80 +/- 8 to 78 +/- 9 mmHg (P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: High-calcium milk enriched with potassium has a small hypotensive effect in healthy people aged over 40 years. |
| Blood pressure variability at normal and high blood pressure Mancia, G. (1983), Chest 83(2 Suppl): 317-20. |
| Blood pressure variability in man: its relation to high blood pressure, age and baroreflex sensitivity Mancia, G., A. Ferrari, et al. (1980), Clin Sci (Lond) 59 Suppl 6: 401s-404s. Abstract: 1. Intra-arterial blood pressure and heart rate were recorded for 24 h in ambulant hospitalized patients of variable age who had normal blood pressure or essential hypertension. Mean 24 h values, standard deviations and variation coefficient were obtained as the averages of values separately analysed for 48 consecutive half-hour periods. 2. In older subjects standard deviation and variation coefficient for mean arterial pressure were greater than in younger subjects with similar pressure values, whereas standard deviation and variation coefficient for mean arterial pressure were greater than in younger subjects with similar pressure values, whereas standard deviation aations and variation coefficient were obtained as the averages of values separately analysed for 48 consecurive half-hour periods. 2. In older subjects standard deviation and variation coefficient for mean arterial pressure were greater than in younger subjects with similar pressure values, whereas standard deviation and variation coefficient for heart rate were smaller. 3. In hypertensive subjects standard deviation for mean arterial pressure was greater than in normotensive subjects of similar ages, but this was not the case for variation coefficient, which was slightly smaller in the former than in the latter group. Normotensive and hypertensive subjects showed no difference in standard deviation and variation coefficient for heart rate. 4. In both normotensive and hypertensive subjects standard deviation and even more so variation coefficient were slightly or not related to arterial baroreflex sensitivity as measured by various methods (phenylephrine, neck suction etc.). 5. It is concluded that blood pressure variability increases and heart rate variability decreases with age, but that changes in variability are not so obvious in hypertension. Also, differences in variability among subjects are only marginally explained by differences in baroreflex function. |
| Blood pressure, antihypertensive agents and diabetes. Obese patients with hypertension are a high-risk group Bengtsson, C. (1994), Lakartidningen 91(18): 1810-1. |
| Blood pressure, heart rate and neuroendocrine responses to a high carbohydrate and a high fat meal in healthy young subjects Heseltine, D., J. F. Potter, et al. (1990), Clin Sci (Lond) 79(5): 517-22. Abstract: 1. The responses of blood pressure, heart rate, autonomic function and plasma insulin to a high carbohydrate and a high fat meal of equivalent energy value were studied in nine young volunteers. 2. Neither meal produced a significant change in supine or erect blood pressure. The high carbohydrate meal, however, resulted in an overall rise in both supine (6 beats/min) and erect (6 beats/min; P less than 0.05) heart rate, no such changes being seen after the high fat meal. 3. Plasma noradrenaline levels increased by a maximum of 126% at 90 min (0.98 to 2.22 nmol/l) after the high carbohydrate meal but were virtually unchanged after the high fat meal (P less than 0.01). Parasympathetic function showed no between-meal differences. Plasma insulin and glucose levels were significantly higher after the high carbohydrate meal than after the high fat meal. No postprandial difference in packed cell volume was found between meal types. 4. We conclude that, in young subjects, the postprandial blood pressure after a high carbohydrate meal is maintained by an increase in heart rate associated with increased sympathetic nervous system activity. These changes are at variance with the blood pressure and heart rate responses seen in the elderly after a high carbohydrate meal. A high fat meal has no significant cardiovascular or neuroendocrine effects in the young or old. The nutrient composition of meals has to be taken into account when studying the postprandial cardiovascular and neuroendocrine responses in the young. |
| Blood pressure, intraerythrocyte content, and transmembrane fluxes of sodium during normal and high salt intake in subjects with and without a family history of hypertension: evidence against a sodium transport inhibitor Gudmundsson, O., O. Andersson, et al. (1984), J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 6 Suppl 1: S35-41. Abstract: Seventeen young normotensive men with a family history of hypertension in two generations (H) and 15 age-matched control subjects (C) were studied with respect to blood pressure (BP), intraerythrocyte sodium content (IeNa), sodium influx, and rate of sodium efflux. The investigations were done during normal salt intake and after 4 weeks of ordinary intake plus 12 g NaCl daily. BP did not increase significantly in either of the two groups during increased salt intake. During normal salt intake H had a significantly (p less than 0.01) higher IeNa (9.5 +/- 1.5 mmol/L) compared with C (8.2 +/- 1.4 mmol/L). During high salt intake IeNa in H decreased significantly to 8.1 +/- 1.2 mmol/L, the difference from C (7.6 +/- 1.2 mmol/L) not being significant. While the Na influx was similar in the two groups, the rate constant for Na efflux was significantly lower during normal salt intake in H (0.23 +/- 0.08 vs 0.29 +/- 0.1 h-1, p less than 0.05). Salt intake increased the efflux rate constant significantly in H (0.28 +/- 0.08 h-1, p less than 0.05), while it did not change significantly in C (0.32 +/- 0.08 h-1) compared with the value for normal salt intake. Our results suggest that young men with a hereditary predisposition to hypertension have a higher IeNa secondary to a lower rate of Na efflux, while a normal Na influx indicates normal cell permeability to Na. The findings in H during high Na intake--a decreased IeNa and an increased efflux rate of Na--do not favor the existence of a sodium transport inhibitor, in subjects predisposed to hypertension, increasing during high salt intake and volume expansion and acting through inhibition of the Na efflux. |
| Blood pressure, intraocular pressure, and retinal vessels after high altitude mountain exposure Brinchmann-Hansen, O. and K. Myhre (1989), Aviat Space Environ Med 60(10 Pt 1): 970-6. Abstract: Identical test protocols were used before and after 2 to 7 weeks of high altitude exposure in 23 climbers participating in 3 separate mountain expeditions in the Himalayas. The three groups reached altitudes of 4,000 m, 5,200, and 5,850 m, respectively. High altitude retinal hemorrhages (HARH) were found in three subjects (13%). Two weeks after the mountain exposure, reduced mean values of systolic (p less than 0.005) and diastolic (p less than 0.05) blood pressure and intraocular pressure (p less than 0.005) were found. Retinal veins were dilated 2.6% (p less than 0.001), and in both arteries (p less than 0.001) and veins (p less than 0.005) we observed a tendency for small vessels to dilate and large vessels to constrict. The intensity of reflection of light ("the central light reflex") from arteries was reduced (p = 0.003), indicating hemorrheology changes in the vessels. This study shows that significant changes in blood pressure, intraocular pressure and retinal vascularity follow hypoxic and physical strain of high altitude. The vascular conditioning of altitude acclimatization can be demonstrated in the retinal circulation 2 weeks after the exposure. |
| Blood pressure, salt appetite and mortality of genetically hypertensive and normotensive rats maintained on high and low salt diets from weaning Di Nicolantonio, R. and M. J. Silvapulle (1988), Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 15(10): 741-51. Abstract: 1. Blood pressure, bodyweight, saline preference and mortality rate were examined in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) of the Okamoto strain and normotensive control Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) rats maintained on low (0.1% NaCl w/w), control (0.8% w/w) and high (3% w/w) salt diets from weaning until 6 months of age. 2. The growth rate of SHR on high salt diet was not significantly different from that on control diet but SHR maintained on a low salt diet exhibited a markedly reduced growth rate. While the growth rate of WKY on low salt diet was not significantly different from that on control diet, the bodyweights of WKY on high salt diet were significantly greater than those of animals on control diet. 3. While low salt diet markedly attenuated the development of hypertension in the SHR, high salt diet significantly exacerbated the blood pressure of this strain. Neither high nor low salt diet altered the blood pressure of WKY. 4. SHR on high and low salt diets had an increased mortality rate compared with SHR on control salt diet but these differences were of slight statistical significance. Conversely, WKY on all three diets exhibited similar mortalities over the 6-month observation period. There were no significant differences in mortalities between SHR and WKY on any diet. 5. The preference for 0.9% saline, when offered as a choice with water, was not significantly different between SHR on the different diets. WKY on high salt diet, however, exhibited a significantly reduced preference for saline over the 10-day test period compared with animals on control or low salt diet. 6. Thus dietary salt modulates the hypertension of SHR but not the blood pressure of WKY. SHR would appear to require more dietary sodium for normal growth and perhaps full expression of its hypertension. The higher and lower blood pressures of the SHR on high and low salt diet, respectively, were associated with increased mortality, which was a trend not seen in the WKY. |
| Blood pressure, salt taste and sodium excretion in rats exposed prenatally to high salt diet Myers, J. B., V. J. Smidt, et al. (1985), Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 12(3): 217-20. Abstract: Blood pressure, sodium excretion and salt taste were examined in Sprague Dawley (SD) and Munich Wistar (MW) rats exposed prenatally to either a high salt (2.3% NaCl w/w) or control diet. There was no significant difference in blood pressure at 2, 6 or 12 months between high salt and control groups in either strain. Similarly there was no significant difference in sodium excretion following a saline load by gavage (150 mmol/l, 1.5% BW). Munich Wistar rats which received high salt diet prenatally exhibited a reduced saline preference when offered a choice between water and 150 mmol/l NaCl as drinking fluid. There was no significant difference in saline preference between Sprague Dawley rats which received the high salt or control diet. Prenatal exposure to high salt diet failed to alter the blood pressure or excretion of a salt load in either SD or MW rats. In MW rats but not SD high salt diet prenatally resulted in a reduced saline preference at 3 months of age. |
| Blood pressure: distribution in students of junior and senior high schools in Saint John, NB Handa, S. P. and H. K. Wolf (1985), Can Med Assoc J 132(1): 29-32. Abstract: Blood pressures were recorded for 8950 students (82.4% of the total student population) of the junior high and high schools of Saint John, NB. Among the boys the mean systolic pressure rose from 104 mm Hg at age 12 to 117 mm Hg at age 18; among the girls the rise was from 105 to 110 mm Hg. The mean diastolic pressure also rose, from 61 to 67 mm Hg, in both sexes. These data are similar to those found in epidemiologic studies in Montreal and Bogalusa, Louisiana. However, the mean systolic values are lower by 10 mm Hg than those in an Edmonton study and the norms published by a United States task force. Recording methods could explain some of the observed differences, but population differences may also contribute. The discrepancies suggest that the current standards for children and adolescents need to be reassessed. |
| Blood pressure--high and low Kahn, A., Jr. (1983), J Ark Med Soc 80(1): 17-9. |
| Blood proteins in high blood pressure. Eiselt, E. and J. Hrabane (1950), Rev Med Liege 5(22): 786-9. |
| Blood-pressure responses during social interaction in high- and low-cynically hostile males Smith, T. W. and K. D. Allred (1989), J Behav Med 12(2): 135-43. Abstract: The Cook and Medley Hostility (Ho) Scale has been found to predict the development of coronary heart disease, coronary death, and death from other causes. Enhanced physiological responsiveness among high-Ho subjects may represent a link between hostility and health. The present study examined the systolic and diastolic blood-pressure (SBP, DBP) and heart-rate (HR) responses of high- and low-Ho undergraduate males while they presented their position and listened to their partner's opposing position in a current events discussion task. Compared to low-Ho subjects, the high-Ho group displayed larger SBP and DBP responses. These results and others suggest that cynical hostility is associated with greater physiological responses to interpersonal stressors. |
| Blurred vision and high blood pressure in a young woman Flanagan, D. E., C. Cole, et al. (1998), Postgrad Med J 74(876): 614-5. Abstract: A 41-year-old woman presented with a short history of blurred vision. She had a 6-year history of refractory hypertension which had been treated with a variety of drug regimens. She was found to have bilateral branch retinal vein occlusion. Retinal vein occlusion is a recognised complication of hypertension but simultaneous involvement of both eyes is extremely rare. Following this episode, blood pressure control has improved without change in drug therapy, suggesting that treatment compliance may partly explain the previous difficulties. |
| Body mass index and prognosis in elderly hypertensive patients: a report from the European Working Party on High Blood Pressure in the Elderly Tuomilehto, J. (1991), Am J Med 90(3A): 34S-41S. Abstract: Obesity and hypertension are often found in the same patients, particularly in elderly women. However, few data on the joint impact of these two conditions in women and the elderly are available. In the current study of 800 elderly hypertensive patients randomly assigned to active treatment or placebo, the initial mean body mass index (BMI) was 26.7 kg/m2 in 560 women and 25.7 kg/m2 in 240 men. During the trial, total mortality and cardiovascular and noncardiovascular terminating events were highest in the patients at the leanest BMI quintile. The association between BMI and cardiovascular end points was U-shaped, whereas noncardiovascular mortality decreased with increasing BMI. The results in the women were similar to those in the total group. The U-shaped relation was confirmed with Cox's proportional hazards model, controlling for age, gender, systolic blood pressure, hemoglobin, serum cholesterol, blood glucose, and cardiovascular complications at entry. The BMI level with the lowest risk was 28 to 29 kg/m2 for total mortality and cardiovascular terminating events, 26 to 27 kg/m2 for cardiovascular mortality, and 31 to 32 kg/m2 for noncardiovascular mortality. BMI did not modify the favorable effects of drug treatment. There was no evidence that obesity would protect elderly hypertensive men or women from cardiovascular complications. |
| Body size, composition, and blood pressure of high-altitude Quechua from the Peruvian Central Andes (Huancavelica, 3,680 m) Toselli, S., E. Tarazona-Santos, et al. (2001), Am J Hum Biol 13(4): 539-47. Abstract: Although much information is available about the effects of high altitude on physiological characteristics, less is know about its effect on body composition. In the present study, anthropometric and body composition variables were investigated in a sample of 77 adult Quechua males from the Peruvian Central Andes (Huancavelica, 3,680 m). The subjects are shorter in relation to body weight than other ethnic groups, whereas body proportions are macrocormic (indicating a long trunk relative to the lower extremities), with intermediate values of the acromial-iliac index. All skinfold thicknesses are low (approximately 15th percentiles of NHANES reference values for the triceps and subscapular skinfolds), but tend to be higher than in the other Quechua populations. Similar results are obtained when percentage fat is estimated. Somatotypes are dominant in mesomorphy with very low ectomorphy. Comparison with a sample of high-altitude Kirghiz (3,200 m), previously studied with the same methods, shows higher values in the Peruvian sample for all variables related to adiposity. The presence of low adiposity in the Quechua population could be associated with stresses of the high-altitude environment. Mean values of blood pressure are very low and there is no correlation with age. |
| Body temperature, calcium, sodium and glucose concentrations of the blood and the blood osmotic pressure during human adaptation to high temperature Khudaiberdiev, M. D., A. Amanekova, et al. (1990), Fiziol Cheloveka 16(4): 125-9. |