| For medical practitioners and the general public - High Blood Pressure Journal Article Catalog. |
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| High blood pressure Merchant, H. W. (1973), J Am Dent Assoc 87(4): 783. |
| High blood pressure Thelle, D. S. (2001), Tidsskr Nor Laegeforen 121(15): 1773. |
| High blood pressure 2002--mostly a risk factor and sometimes a disease symptom Nilsson, P. (2002), Lakartidningen 99(15): 1722-4. |
| High blood pressure affects many adults: combat big killer Chappell, F. (1980), W V Med J 76(2): xxv. |
| High blood pressure after concussion Engel, D. (1950), Acta Psychiatr Neurol Scand 25(2-3): 153-66. |
| High blood pressure among bank employees in Rio de Janeiro. Life-style and treatment Chor, D. (1998), Arq Bras Cardiol 71(5): 653-60. Abstract: PURPOSE: This study estimates the frequency of treatment of high blood pressure and compares life-styles among hypertensives and non-hypertensives. METHODS: Cross-sectional study in a systematic sample of 1183 employees in a government-owned bank in the State of Rio de Janeiro, through a self-administered questionnaire. Direct measurements of arterial pressure, weight and height were also taken in a sub-sample. Those who had been informed more than once as having high blood pressure, by a health professional, were classified as hypertensives. RESULTS: There were no important differences among hypertensives and non-hypertensives with respect to the prevalence of smoking, alcohol and physical activities. Dieting was more frequent among overweight/obese hypertensives than overweight/obese non-hypertensives. Only 44.7% were under treatment. Subjects with high level of education were more likely to be treated as were those who quit smoking, presented overweight/obesity or family history of cerebrovascular diseases. CONCLUSION: Access to information and health care was not sufficient to guarantee high blood pressure treatment or a healthy life-style which contributes to hypertension control. |
| High blood pressure among employed women: a multi-factor discriminant analysis Zimmerman, M. K. and W. S. Hartley (1982), J Health Soc Behav 23(3): 205-20. |
| High blood pressure and 17-year cancer mortality in the Western Electric Health Study Raynor, W. J., Jr., R. B. Shekelle, et al. (1981), Am J Epidemiol 113(4): 371-7. Abstract: A positive association between elevated blood pressure and risk of death from cancer has been observed in four long-term prospective studies. In the Western Electric Health Study, the relationship was specific to death from renal cell carcinomas and epidermoid cancers of the head and neck. The relationship with epidermoid head and neck cancer was indirect, resulting from the effects of alcohol consumption on both blood pressure and on risk of this cancer. The relationship with kidney cancer was probably due to effects of abnormal renal cell activity. The association between blood pressure and cancer mortality at other sites was not significant. |
| High blood pressure and associated cardiovascular risk factors in France Asmar, R., S. Vol, et al. (2001), J Hypertens 19(10): 1727-32. Abstract: OBJECTIVE: To estimate, with respect to age and gender, the prevalence of high blood pressure (BP) in treated and non-treated subjects and its association with other cardiovascular risk factors. DESIGN: A cross-sectional study. SETTING: Healthcare centres in the centre of France. PARTICIPANTS: All subjects (n = 61,108) who had a free health check-up, between February 1995 and September 1996. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: High BP (systolic blood pressure (SBP) > 140 mmHg, diastolic blood pressure (DBP) > 90 mmHg or antihypertensive therapy); diabetes (fasting glucose plasma concentration > 1.26 g/l or antidiabetic therapy); hypercholesterolaemia (total cholesterol > 2 g/l or lipid-lowering therapy); hypertriglyceridaemia (fasting triglycerides plasma concentration > 2 g/l or triglyceridaemia-lowering therapy); overweight (body mass index >or= 25 kg/m2); abdominal fat distribution (waist to hip ratio > 0.9 in males and > 0.8 in females). RESULTS: Prevalence of high BP was 37.7% in males and 22.2% in females. BP was normalized in 29.7% of treated males and 44.1% of treated females. High BP was associated with at least another cardiovascular risk factor in 83.8% of the males and 76.7% of the females with high BP. Hypercholesterolaemia was the most frequently associated risk factor. Except smoking, the prevalence of each cardiovascular risk factor was shown to increase with the severity of hypertension. Two or more other cardiovascular risk factors were present in 22.9% of the males and 9.8% of the females with high BP. CONCLUSIONS: Rate of high BP, even in treated subjects, is high. More than three out of four subjects with high BP have at least one other cardiovascular risk factor. |
| High blood pressure and bone-mineral loss in elderly white women: a prospective study. Study of Osteoporotic Fractures Research Group Cappuccio, F. P., E. Meilahn, et al. (1999), Lancet 354(9183): 971-5. Abstract: BACKGROUND: High blood pressure is associated with abnormalities in calcium metabolism. Sustained calcium loss may lead to increased bone-mineral loss in people with high blood pressure. We investigated the prospective association between blood pressure and bone-mineral loss over time in elderly white women. METHODS: We studied 3676 women who were initially assessed in 1988-90 (mean age 73 years SD 4, range 66-91 years; mean bodyweight 65.3 kg 11.5; blood pressure 137/75 mm Hg 17/9) who were not on thiazide diuretics. Mean follow-up was 3.5 years. Anthropometry, blood pressure, and bone-mineral density at the femoral neck were measured at baseline and bone densitometry was repeated after 3.5 years by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. FINDINGS: After adjustment for age, initial bone-mineral density, weight and weight change, smoking, and regular use of hormone-replacement therapy, the rate of bone loss at the femoral neck increased with blood pressure at baseline. In the quartiles of systolic blood pressure, yearly bone losses increased from 2.26 mg/cm2 (95% CI 1.48-3.04) in the first quartile to 3.79 mg/cm2 in the fourth quartile (3.13-4.45; test for heterogeneity, p=0.03; test for linear trend, p=0.01), equivalent to yearly changes of 0.34% (0.20-0.46) and 0.59% (0.49-0.69; test for heterogeneity, p=0.02; test for linear trend, p=0.005). There was no significant interaction with age. The exclusion of women on antihypertensive drugs did not alter the results. For diastolic blood pressure, there was an association with bone loss in women younger than 75 years. INTERPRETATION: Higher blood pressure in elderly white women is associated with increased bone loss at the femoral neck. This association may reflect greater calcium losses associated with high blood pressure, which may contribute to the risk of hip fractures. |
| High blood pressure and brain oedema in acute stroke: the relevance of ambulatory blood pressure monitoring during the first 24 h after stroke onset Coca, A. (2003), J Hypertens 21(11): 2023-5. |
| High blood pressure and calcium antagonism Palma-Gamiz, J. L. (1997), Cardiology 88 Suppl 1: 39-46. Abstract: Calcium ions are intimately involved in many aspects of cardiovascular function. Modification of calcium homeostasis therefore represents a key target for pharmacological intervention to achieve therapeutic control of hypertension. The calcium channel blockers (CCBs) act by blocking calcium influx through voltage-dependent L (long-acting) channels without affecting calcium release from the sarcoplasmic reticulum. The effect of blocking these channels is a decrease in the intracellular calcium concentration, which reduces vascular smooth muscle tone. The subsequent decrease in peripheral resistance causes a decrease in systemic blood pressure. The CCBs also decrease myocardial contractility, which decreases myocardial oxygen consumption. Overall, the CCBs at therapeutic doses improve the efficiency of ventricular function. They also have a number of other beneficial effects, including an antiproliferative effect. The CCBs in clinical use vary according to their relative selectivities for vascular and cardiac tissue and their applicability to the treatment of hypertension or ischaemic heart disease. The first-generation CCBs (verapamil, nifedipine and diltiazem) are associated with a relatively short duration of action and unwanted cardiovascular effects that were related to poor vascular selectivity. In addition, nifedipine was associated with a very rapid onset of action that caused a sudden vasodilation and reflex tachycardia in some patients. The newer second-generation CCBs, for example the dihydropyridines, amlodipine, felodipine and nisoldipine, show greatly improved vascular selectivity and longer durations of action, achieved in part by novel controlled-release dosage forms. They bind to target receptors in a slow and sustained fashion, producing a smooth onset of action and 24-hour control of blood pressure. Once-daily dosing of these longer-acting agents improves patient compliance and is associated with a good side-effect profile. The second-generation CCBs are suitable antihypertensive agents for a wide range of patients, including the elderly and black patients, and those with concomitant diseases that preclude the use of other antihypertensives. |
| High blood pressure and cardiac hypertrophy Ishikawa, Y. (2004), Nippon Rinsho 62 Suppl 3: 342-6. |
| High blood pressure and cardiovascular risk factors in an adult population of Mexico City. Characteristics of the studied population Yamamoto-Kimura, L., J. Zamora-Gonzalez, et al. (1996), Arch Med Res 27(2): 213-22. Abstract: The present report is a description of the characteristics of a studied population and of the methodology used in a study performed to investigate high blood pressure prevalence and cardiovascular risk factors among the adult population of Mexico City. A cross-sectional study was conducted from January 1991 to March 1992. Random samplings of multiple stages was used and 825 adult subjects were studied in Mexico City. The following measurements were registered: blood pressure, body mass index (BMI), waist-hip ratio (WHR), total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), high density lipoproteins (HDL-C) and low density lipoproteins (LDL-C), lipoprotein (a) (Lp(a)), glucose and insulin. Personal and family history of cardiovascular illness were investigated, as well as exposure to some risk factors such as smoking, alcohol consumption and sedentarism. The response rate was 86.6%. The prevalence of high blood pressure was 21.1%, and of non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus was 8.7%. Frequency of dyslipidemia in the studied sample was 24.4% for high TG, 23.6% for low HDL-C, 23.6% for high LDL-C, 14.9% for Lp(a) excess (Lp(a) > or = 30 mg/dl; overweight and obesity were more prevalent among women. The diversity of living conditions among the population of Mexico City was included in the sampling strategy design, not only to register the high blood pressure (HBP) frequency in each stratum but to identify other cardiovascular risk factors which could be decisive in the development of HBP. Regarding the features of the studied population, BMI did not reveal differences among men, but their TG levels were higher and HDL levels lower than those of other populations. In women, the results obtained for BMI, WHR, lipids and lipoproteins were also higher compared with the mean reported for other populations. |
| High blood pressure and care of the hypertensive in ambulatory practice Iveges, Z. I. (1983), Med Pregl 36(9-10): 441-5. |
| High blood pressure and coronary heart disease. Are there new therapeutic options? Motz, W. (2004), Herz 29(3): 255-65. Abstract: Besides type 2 diabetes and cigarette smoking arterial hypertension represents the most powerful risk factor for the development of coronary artery disease. Independent from the existence of coronary artery disease i. e. coronary macroangiopathy arterial hypertension leads to hypertension-specific organ manifestations such as left ventricular hypertrophy and coronary microangiopathy. In the presence of coronary artery disease left ventricular hypertrophy and coronary microangiopathy aggravate the ischemic predisposition of the myocardium. Thus vascular protection measures should represent an important component of antihypertensive treatment. Due to the present state of the art based upon randomized clinical studies ACE-inhibitors are first-line antihypertensive substances due to their vascular and myocardial protective effects and their few side effects. Angiotensin II receptor blockers are not more effective than ACE-inhibitors in treatment arterial hypertension so far. Calcium channel blockers who do not stimulate the sympathetic system such as slow release verapamil and amlodipin, beta receptor blockers and diuretics are combination partners, if blood pressure cannot be normalized by treatment with ACE-inhibitors only.Since statins reduce cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in hypertensive patients even with not elevated LDL cholesterol levels, statins represent an important component of antihypertensive treatment. An antihypertenive treatment aiming at reducing blood pressure only is no more sufficient due to the present state of the art. |
| High blood pressure and decreased heart rate variability in the Cuban epidemic neuropathy Gutierrez, J., R. Santiesteban, et al. (2002), J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 73(1): 71-2. Abstract: Autonomic cardiovascular reflexes were investigated in patients with an epidemic optic and peripheral neuropathy, which affected more than 50 000 people in Cuba between 1991 and 1994 and was probably caused by nutritional deficiency. Affected patients had significantly higher blood pressure than age matched controls, both while supine and standing, and significantly lower heart rate variability during paced breathing, suggesting reduced cardiac parasympathetic innervation. |
| High blood pressure and dementia Korczyn, A. D. (1996), Lancet 348(9019): 65; author reply 65-6. |
| High blood pressure and dementia Rockwood, K., J. Lindsay, et al. (1996), Lancet 348(9019): 65; author reply 65-6. |
| High blood pressure and diabetes mellitus: are all antihypertensive drugs created equal? Grossman, E., F. H. Messerli, et al. (2000), Arch Intern Med 160(16): 2447-52. Abstract: OBJECTIVE: To analyze the available data to assess the benefits of antihypertensive therapy in hypertensive patients with diabetes mellitus. METHODS: A MEDLINE search of English-language articles published until June 1999 was undertaken with the use of the terms diabetes mellitus, hypertension or blood pressure, and therapy. Pertinent articles cited in the identified reports were also reviewed. Included were only prospective randomized studies of more than 12 months' duration that evaluated the effect of drug treatment on morbidity and mortality in diabetic hypertensive patients. We estimated the risk associated with combination of diabetes mellitus and hypertension and the effect of treatment on morbidity and mortality. RESULTS: The coexistence of diabetes mellitus doubled the risk of cardiovascular events, cardiovascular mortality, and total mortality in hypertensive patients (approximate relative risk of 1.73-2.77 for cardiovascular events, 2.25-3.66 for cardiovascular mortality, and 1.73-2.18 for total mortality). Intensive blood pressure control to levels lower than 130/85 mm Hg was beneficial in diabetic hypertensive patients. All 4 drug classes-diuretics, beta-blockers, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, and calcium antagonists-were effective in reducing cardiovascular events in diabetic hypertensive patients. In elderly diabetic patients with isolated systolic hypertension, calcium antagonists reduced the rate of cardiac end points by 63%, stroke by 73%, and total mortality by 55%. In more than 60% of diabetic hypertensive patients, combination therapy was required to control blood pressure. CONCLUSIONS: Intensive control of blood pressure reduced cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in diabetic patients regardless of whether low-dose diuretics, beta-blockers, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, or calcium antagonists were used as a first-line treatment. A combination of more than 1 drug is frequently required to control blood pressure and may be more beneficial than monotherapy. |
| High blood pressure and diabetes. Appel, W. (1950), Klin Monatsbl Augenheilkd 116(3): 225-37. |
| High blood pressure and diabetes--important to remind about the changed recommendations Agenas, I. (1992), Lakartidningen 89(20): 1764-5. |
| High blood pressure and end-organ damage Cutler, J. A. (1996), J Hypertens Suppl 14(6): S3-6. Abstract: BACKGROUND: Findings from numerous epidemiologic and clinical studies worldwide attest to a strong, graded, consistent relationship between blood pressure level and cardiovascular-renal diseases, subclinical and clinical, nonfatal and fatal. OBJECTIVE: This review summarizes results from selected prospective observational studies, primarily from US populations, and from randomized clinical trials. Review Analyses from the Multiple Risk Factor Intervention Trial (MRFIT) subjects (middle-aged men) and the Framingham Heart Study (middle-aged and elderly men and women) clearly establish that systolic blood pressure is a more powerful predictor of cardiovascular events than diastolic pressure. Wherever the full range of blood pressure has been examined, for example for systolic pressure in the MRFIT subjects and for diastolic pressure in pooled data from nine epidemiologic studies, the associations for coronary heart disease and stroke are seen to extend over the whole range, including 'normotensive' levels. In MRFIT, this continuous relationship has also recently been shown for end-stage renal disease and both systolic and diastolic pressure. Data from Framingham document further associations with peripheral vascular disease, congestive heart failure, and both electrocardiographic and echocardiographic left ventricular hypertrophy. Several studies are row available demonstrating a relationship between hypertension and carotid wall intimal-medial thickness. Finally, the causal nature of the relationships with major cardiovascular events is supported by the results of 17 large-scale randomized trials of blood-pressure-lowering using primarily diuretic- and beta-blocker-based drug regimens. CONCLUSIONS: These trials have demonstrated highly significant reductions in fatal and nonfatal stroke and major coronary heart disease. There are few trial data, however, on health benefits from further reducing blood pressure among normotensive persons. |
| High blood pressure and epilepsy in hydrocephalus due to stenosis of the aqueduct of Sylvius Greitz, T., B. E. Levander, et al. (1971), Acta Neurochir (Wien) 24(3): 201-6. |
| High blood pressure and hospitals Gold, R. A., R. Temple, et al. (1974), Hospitals 48(9): 57-61. |
| High blood pressure and hyperinsulinaemia in acromegaly and in obesity Slowinska-Srzednicka, J., S. Zgliczynski, et al. (1989), Clin Exp Hypertens A 11(3): 407-25. Abstract: As previously shown, in essential hypertension postprandial plasma insulin concentrations are elevated. In order to determine a relationship of high blood pressure and plasma insulin levels in acromegaly and in obesity 59 subjects with normal glucose tolerance were studied. They were divided into three groups: (I) patients with acromegaly: 7 normotensives and 8 hypertensives, (II) 12 obese normotensives and 12 obese hypertensives and (III) 10 non-obese hypertensives, and 10 healthy subjects. Blood glucose and plasma insulin concentrations were measured in a fasting state and after an oral glucose load of 75 g. The fasting insulin concentrations in all the acromegalics and in all the obese patients were higher than those in healthy subjects. The insulin response to the glucose load was significantly enhanced in all the three groups of hypertensive patients compared with those of matched normotensive controls. The results indicate that insulin may play a role in the regulation of blood pressure in essential hypertension, and in such hyperinsulinaemic disorders as acromegaly and obesity. |
| High blood pressure and hypertension Davidov, M. E. (1978), Angiology 29(12): 871-7. |
| High blood pressure and insulin resistance: influence of ethnic background Ferrannini, E., S. M. Haffner, et al. (1991), Eur J Clin Invest 21(3): 280-7. Abstract: Hyperinsulinaemia links non-insulin dependent diabetes (NIDDM), obesity, and hypertension, each an insulin-resistant state in its own right. Insulin resistance predicts the occurrence of NIDDM, and plays a major role in its pathogenesis. We tested the hypothesis that hyperinsulinaemia may also predict hypertension in a sample (n = 2905) of the mixed population of San Antonio, in which hyperinsulinaemia and NIDDM are more prevalent among Mexican-Americans than non-Hispanic whites. Whilst in the whole sample the hypertensives had significantly (P less than 0.001) higher plasma insulin concentrations than the normotensives, high blood pressure was significantly (P less than 0.01) more frequent among non-Hispanic whites than Mexican-Americans regardless of diabetes status. After adjusting for factors (age, sex, body mass, and body fat distribution) known to affect insulin levels, a direct relationship between post-glucose plasma insulin concentrations and prevalence of hypertension was still present in both ethnic groups. In Mexican-Americans, however, the standardized prevalence of hypertension was significantly (P less than 0.001) lower at any given insulin concentration. Post-glucose plasma glucose levels also were directly related to hypertension prevalence in both groups; again, the regression line was shifted downward and, furthermore, less steep (P less than 0.02) in Mexican-Americans, suggesting relative protection against the negative effect of hyperglycaemia on blood pressure. Dyslipidaemia (higher total cholesterol and triglyceride, and lower HDL-cholesterol concentrations) was strongly associated with hyperinsulinaemia and blood pressure in both ethnic groups. After adjusting for plasma insulin, only hypertriglyceridaemia was associated with high blood pressure, with no inter-ethnic difference.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) |
| High blood pressure and 'ischaemic' ECG patterns in climacteric women Villecco, A. S., D. de Aloysio, et al. (1985), Maturitas 7(2): 89-97. Abstract: A study to evaluate the prevalence of high blood pressure (HBP) and resting 'ischaemic' electrocardiogram (ECG) patterns in the climacteric was carried out in 494 outpatients aged up to 65 yr. The study group was made up of 91 pre-menopausal women, 235 natural post-menopausal women, 91 surgical post-menopausal women and 77 women of advanced reproductive age, who comprised the control group. High systolic and/or diastolic blood pressure values were seen in 26.6% of the overall climacteric group (C), i.e. in 23.1% of the pre-menopausal women (PM); 28.9% of the natural post-menopausal women (NMt); and 24.2% of the surgical post-menopausal women (SMt), these frequencies being statistically significant compared to that in the control group (K) (6.5%). 'Ischaemic' ECG patterns (according to the Minnesota Code definition) were observed in 20.3% of the C group, in 22.0% of the PM group and in 27.5% of the SMt group, these rates being statistically significant compared to that in the control group (9.1%). Minnesota Code 4:1 and 5: 1-2 patterns were present in 5.7%, and 4:2 and 5:3 patterns in 14.6% of the C group. A significant correlation was found between HBP (systolic and diastolic) and 'ischaemic' ECG patterns. |
| High blood pressure and kidney disease Kahn, A., Jr. (1985), J Ark Med Soc 82(5): 235-6. |
| High blood pressure and kidneys--the contribution of Franz Volhard Ritz, E. (2000), Dtsch Med Wochenschr 125(46): 1411-5. |
| High blood pressure and low blood pressure in the elderly Wollner, L. (1969), J R Coll Gen Pract 18: Suppl 1:1-7. |
| High blood pressure and marital discord: not being nasty matters more than being nice Ewart, C. K., C. B. Taylor, et al. (1991), Health Psychol 10(3): 155-63. Abstract: Theories linking anger and blood pressure (BP) reactivity to cardiovascular disease must be able to identify naturally occurring stressors that arouse emotion with sufficient frequency to cause chronic physiologic stress. We examine the impact of normal family arguments on 43 patients (24 women, 19 men) with essential hypertension. Patients and their partners discussed a threatening disagreement for 10 min while BP and conversation were recorded. Discussing problems increased BP, but the causal pathways differed by sex. In women, hostile interaction and marital dissatisfaction were associated with increased BP; "supportive" or "neutral" exchanges were unrelated to BP. In men, BP fluctuations were related only to the patient's speech rate. These findings are consistent with other research on sex differences in communication and social problem-solving styles and implicate different mechanisms (frequent anger, active coping) through which marital discord could increase risk. Implications for intervention are considered. |
| High blood pressure and metabolic disorders are associated in the Lyon hypertensive rat Vincent, M., E. H. Boussairi, et al. (1993), J Hypertens 11(11): 1179-85. Abstract: OBJECTIVE: A large population of F2 rats, obtained from a cross between male Lyon hypertensive (LH) rats and female Lyon normotensive (LN) rats, was studied in order to assess the relationship between increased body weight, hyperlipidaemia and high blood pressure which characterize LH rats. METHODS: Mean arterial pressure (MAP) was recorded in male, conscious, freely moving LH, LN, F1 and F2 rats aged 30 weeks. Plasma total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein-, low-density lipoprotein- and very low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol, phospholipids, triglycerides, insulin and glucose were measured. RESULTS: In the F2 cohort it was observed that high MAP was a recessive trait that depends on several genes and was unrelated to body weight. The left ventricular weight, corrected for tibia length, was correlated with MAP. Plasma total and high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol and phospholipids concentrations were lower in the F1 rats than in the LN rats, suggesting an overdominance of the LN alleles. In the F2 rats MAP was related to total, high-density lipoprotein- and low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol. Plasma triglycerides, insulin and the insulin:glucose ratio, which were higher in the LH rats than in the LN rats, were also correlated with MAP in the F2 cohort. Using stepwise multiple regression analysis, MAP remained correlated with plasma total cholesterol, insulin and the insulin:glucose ratio, but not with triglycerides. CONCLUSIONS: Hypertension in LH rats is a recessive trait that is independent of body weight. In addition, the cosegregation of blood pressure with plasma cholesterol and, to a lesser degree, with insulin levels, which was observed in the present study provides the first direct evidence that these phenotypes are associated and are not due simply to genetic drift in the Lyon model. |
| High blood pressure and muscle morphology/metabolism--causal relationship or only associated factors? Krotkiewski, M., H. Lithell, et al. (1998), Clin Physiol 18(3): 203-13. Abstract: As muscle tissue constitutes a main target organ for glucose metabolism and is responsible for the development of insulin resistance, it seems plausible to elucidate the relationship between blood pressure and muscle morphology and metabolism. The association between blood pressure and capillarization/morphology of the vastus lateralis muscle and metabolic variables was evaluated in 24 perimenopausal obese women body mass index (BMI) 34.9 +/- 1.1; waist-hip ratio (WHR) 0.90 +/- 0.02. The muscle enzyme activity of lipoprotein lipase (LPL), citrate synthase and glycogen synthase was determined. There was a significant negative correlation between the percentage of type I fibres and relative fibre area of type I on the one hand and systolic and diastolic blood pressure on the other. There was a negative correlation between the capillary density (i.e. number of capillaries/muscle fibre) and a positive correlation between the diffusion distance (fibre area supplied by one capillary) and diastolic blood pressure. The activities of LPL and citrate synthase were positively correlated with the percentage of type I and negatively correlated with the percentage of type II muscle fibres. The activity of LPL was also negatively correlated with plasma glucose and the insulin/C-peptide ratio. The insulin/C-peptide ratio was positively correlated with the percentage of type II muscle fibres. In stepwise multiple regression analyses, 20-30% of the variation in systolic and diastolic blood pressure could be explained by the variables of muscle fibre distribution. Excluding muscle morphological variables from the regression model, the insulin/C-peptide ratio accounted for 13% of the variation in systolic and diastolic blood pressure. The results of the study show the close association between muscle morphology and blood pressure. It remains to be elucidated whether this association indicates a causal relationship. |
| High blood pressure and neuro-hormonal disorders. Bilecki, G. and E. Schilf (1951), Z Gesamte Exp Med 6(5-6): 150-8. |
| High blood pressure and oral contraceptives. Changes in plasma renin and renin substrate and in aldosterone excretion Newton, M. A., J. E. Sealey, et al. (1968), Am J Obstet Gynecol 101(8): 1037-45. |
| High blood pressure and pregnancy. Ratschow, M. (1950), Zentralbl Gynakol 72(24a): 1796-1801. |
| High blood pressure and prevention of strokes Werko, L. (1975), Acta Med Scand 197(5): 337-8. |
| High blood pressure and psychiatric disorder in general practice Hodes, C. and P. Rogers (1977), Queens Nurs J 19(11): 302-4. |