High Blood Pressure Journal Articles

Record 481 to 520

Drug treatment of high blood pressure in the community--experience in eastern Finland
Nissinen, A., J. Tuomilehto, et al. (1989), J Hum Hypertens 3(3): 165-71.
Abstract: The effects of antihypertensive drug therapy were assessed in 8,459 patients (2,801 men and 5,658 women) from the hypertension register of the North Karelia Project in 1978-1979. Fifty-two per cent of the men and 56% of the women were taking one drug only. The most common drugs used were diuretics and beta-blockers. Women were on diuretics more often than men, but beta-blockers were more common in men. The effect of the treatment was assessed in terms of the BP means and percentage of patients whose DBP was below 100 mmHg. BP was controlled better in women than men. The best BP control was obtained in groups of patients who were on a single drug. Adequate BP control was achieved in 71% of men and 83% of women on diuretics, in 75% of men and 83% of women on beta-blockers, in 85% of both sexes on fixed combinations of a diuretic + reserpine + vasodilator, and 79% of men and 89% of women on a diuretic + reserpine. Fixed combinations containing only low doses of each drug are a good alternative for some patients.

Drugs for rapid treatment of very high blood pressure during pregnancy
Duley, L. and D. J. Henderson-Smart (2000), Cochrane Database Syst Rev(2): CD001449.
Abstract: BACKGROUND: Very high blood pressure during pregnancy poses a serious threat to women and their fetuses. The use of drugs to lower blood pressure may reduce this risk. OBJECTIVES: The objective of this review was to compare different antihypertensive drugs used for rapid treatment of severe hypertension during pregnancy. SEARCH STRATEGY: We searched the Cochrane Pregnancy and Childbirth Group trials register and the Cochrane Controlled Trials Register. SELECTION CRITERIA: Studies: All randomised trials. Quasi random designs were excluded. Participants: Women with severe hypertension during pregnancy. Women postpartum at trial entry were excluded. Interventions: Comparisons of one antihypertensive agent with another. Outcomes: For the women: blood pressure control, eclampsia, serious maternal morbidity (such as kidney failure and liver failure), Caesarean section, and use of health service resources (such as admission to hospital or intensive care unit). For the baby: death, serious neonatal morbidity, infant and child development, and use of health service resources (such as admission to a special care nursery). DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: Data were extracted independently by two reviewers to assess eligibility and describe the trial characteristics, and by one reviewer for the meta-analyses. Discrepancies were resolved by discussion. There was no blinding of authorship or results. Whenever possible, unpublished data were sought from investigators. MAIN RESULTS: Thirteen of the 14 trials included in this review were small (range 19-627 women). Of the eight comparisons, five included hydralazine. Diazoxide given as 75mg bolus injections appears to be associated with profound hypotension requiring treatment, and ketanserin is less effective than hydralazine at reducing blood pressure. There is no other evidence that any one of the other antihypertensive agents is better than another for women with severe hypertension during pregnancy. REVIEWER'S CONCLUSIONS: Until better evidence is available, the choice of antihypertensive should depend on the experience and familiarity of an individual clinician with a particular drug, and on what is known about adverse maternal and fetal side-effects. Exceptions are diazoxide and ketanserin, which are probably not good choices.

Drugs for treatment of very high blood pressure during pregnancy
Duley, L. and D. J. Henderson-Smart (2002), Cochrane Database Syst Rev(4): CD001449.
Abstract: BACKGROUND: Very high blood pressure during pregnancy poses a serious threat to women and their babies. The use of drugs to lower blood pressure will reduce this risk for the women, and possibly also for the baby. OBJECTIVES: The objective of this review was to compare different antihypertensive drugs used for treatment of severe hypertension during pregnancy. SEARCH STRATEGY: We searched the Cochrane Pregnancy and Childbirth Group trials register (April 2002), the Cochrane Controlled Trials Register (The Cochrane Library, Issue 2 2002) and MEDLINE (April 2002). SELECTION CRITERIA: Studies were randomised trials. Quasi random designs were excluded. Participants were women with severe hypertension during pregnancy. Women postpartum at trial entry were excluded. Interventions were any comparisons of one antihypertensive agent with another. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: Data were extracted independently by two reviewers to assess eligibility and describe the trial characteristics, and by one reviewer for the meta-analyses. Discrepancies were resolved by discussion. There was no blinding of authorship or results. Whenever possible, unpublished data were sought from investigators. MAIN RESULTS: Twenty trials were included (1637 women) and 19 were excluded. There were ten different comparisons. Hydralazine was the most common drug for others to be evaluated against. Diazoxide, given as 75mg bolus injections, appears to be associated with maternal hypotension requiring treatment, and ketanserin is less effective than hydralazine at reducing blood pressure. There is no other clear evidence that any one of the other antihypertensive agents is better than another for women with severe hypertension during pregnancy. REVIEWER'S CONCLUSIONS: Until better evidence is available, the choice of antihypertensive should depend on the experience and familiarity of an individual clinician with a particular drug, and on what is known about adverse maternal and fetal side-effects. Exceptions are diazoxide and ketanserin, which are probably not good choices.

Dynamics of Heart Rate Variability, Parameters of 24-Hour Blood Pressure Monitoring and Lipid Peroxidation in Very High Risk Patients With Hypertension During Treatment With Lacidipin
Kotovskaia, I. V., S. I. Nazhazhra, et al. (2001), Kardiologiia 41(12): 39-43.

Dynamics of oxygen in the blood and brain tissues in animals exposed to high altitude and breathing under excessive pressure
Cherniakov, I. N. and V. L. Popkov (1965), Patol Fiziol Eksp Ter 9(2): 18-23.

Dyslexia and familial high blood pressure: an observational pilot study
Taylor, K. and J. Stein (2002), Arch Dis Child 86(1): 30-3.
Abstract: BACKGROUND: Developmental dyslexia is a neurodevelopmental learning disability characterised by unexpectedly poor reading and unknown aetiology. One hypothesis proposes excessive platelet activating factor, a potent vasodilator, as a contributor, implying that there should be a negative association between dyslexia and high blood pressure (HBP). Since both conditions have a partial genetic basis, this association may be apparent at the familial level. AIMS: To test this prediction in dyslexic and non-dyslexic children. METHODS: Individuals and families with (HBP+) and without (HBP-) a family history of HBP were compared. RESULTS: Proportionately fewer dyslexics (49/112) than controls (11/12) were HBP+. Families with multiple, all dyslexic children were less likely to be HBP+ (7/16) than those with a non-dyslexic child (11/11). Within families, mean child scores on reading were higher in the HBP+ group (mean 44.3, SE 0.95) than in the HBP- group (mean 40.3, SE 0.87). CONCLUSION: HBP+ family history is associated with better performance on reading. The prediction of a negative association between dyslexic status and familial high blood pressure is therefore confirmed.

Early cardiovascular changes in adolescents with high blood pressure values
Seguro, C., F. Sau, et al. (1986), J Hypertens Suppl 4(6): S34-6.
Abstract: To assess the type and degree of cardiovascular involvement in the early phases of hypertension, 46 adolescents with casual blood pressure (BP) greater than the 95th percentile for age and sex (23 males and 23 females, mean age 14 years) were studied by M-mode echocardiography. Twenty-seven adolescents with casual BP about the 50th percentile, 17 males and 10 females, matched for age, were studied as controls. Adolescents with casual high BP values showed an increase in left ventricular mass (P less than 0.01) and wall thickness to radius (h:R) ratio (P less than 0.01) in comparison to controls. Cardiac index was increased and was correlated with left ventricular mass in hypertensive subjects (P less than 0.05). The correlation between cardiac output and left ventricular mass suggests that cardiac output is a factor in the development of left ventricular hypertrophy.

Editorial comment--high blood pressure after acute cerebrovascular occlusion: risk or risk marker?
Lindsberg, P. J. (2005), Stroke 36(2): 268-9.

Editorial: Ethics and high blood pressure
Ingelfinger, F. J. (1975), N Engl J Med 292(1): 43-4.

Editorial: High blood pressure in Georgia
Wilber, J. A. (1976), J Med Assoc Ga 65(5): 155-7.

Editorial: High blood pressure month--different perspectives
Chissell, J. T. (1978), J Natl Med Assoc 70(6): 393.

Editorial: High blood pressure: as a physician sees it
Tatum, F. E. (1974), J Miss State Med Assoc 15(2): 59-60.

Editorial: High blood pressure--blood banks
Barclay, W. R. and C. W. Macenski (1973), Jama 226(5): 561-2.

Editorial: the National High Blood Pressure Education Program
Zellmer, W. A. (1975), Am J Hosp Pharm 32(5): 465.

Effect of 6-hydroxydopamine on brain and blood catecholamine, ammonia, and amino acid metabolism in rats subjected to high pressure oxygen induced convulsions
Singh, A. K. and E. W. Banister (1978), Can J Physiol Pharmacol 56(2): 334-6.
Abstract: Effects of 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) on rat brain and blood adrenaline (A), noradrenaline (NA), ammonia (NH3), gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), and amino acid metabolism prior to and after high pressure oxygen (OHP) induced convulsions have been studied. 6-OHDA reduces GABA and glutamate (Glu) rior to OHP exposure in rat brain so that the concentration is even equal to that seen in nondrugged animals after convulsion. Concomitantly, 6-OHDA reduces the latency of OHP-induced convulsion significantly, and increases brain NH3, glutamine, and asparagine significantly. Although 6-OHDA, in increasing dosage, elevates blood A concentration, convulsion produces a significant further increase in A. Blood NA was not significantly changed in drugged, convulsed animals and was much less than blood NA concentrations in nondrugged convulsed animals. Increasing doses of 6-OHDA also increase NH3 in the blood significantly and convulsion increases its concentration further. Latency of convulsion seems to be related to certain monoamine levels since in some drugged animals where A and total catecholamines are still reduced 96 h after the first of two doses of 6-OHDA, NA concentrations are recovered to relatively normal and the convulsion latency time is also increased although it remains significantly abbreviated from undrugged animals' convulsion time. Low brain GABA levels seem to be a prime effector of convulsive activity.

Effect of a high monounsaturated fatty acid diet on blood pressure and glucose metabolism in women with gestational diabetes mellitus
Lauszus, F. F., O. W. Rasmussen, et al. (2001), Eur J Clin Nutr 55(6): 436-43.
Abstract: OBJECTIVE: The effect of a diet rich in monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) on blood pressure, glycemic control, lipids and insulin sensitivity was evaluated in women with gestational diabetes mellitus. DESIGN AND METHODS: A randomized, unpaired diet intervention was performed in 27 women with gestational diabetes mellitus in an outpatient clinic. After randomization the women received either a high-carbohydrate diet (H-CHO) or a high-MUFA diet (H-MUFA) from the 33rd gestational week of pregnancy. Outcome measures were 24 h ambulatory blood pressure, blood lipids, glycemic control and insulin sensitivity estimated by an intravenous glucose tolerance test. RESULTS: The 24 h diastolic blood pressure increased more in the H-CHO group than in the H-MUFA group (P<0.04). CONCLUSIONS: After 5 weeks of treatment with a MUFA-enriched diet, no increase in 24 h diastolic blood pressure and no adverse effects on blood lipids were seen. The favorable effect on the blood pressure by the MUFA diet is a possible non-medication treatment. The H-MUFA diet had no advantage to the H-CHO diet in ameliorating the decline of insulin sensitivity in third term of pregnancy in GDM.

Effect of a perinatal high-salt diet on blood pressure control mechanisms in young Sprague-Dawley rats
Swenson, S. J., R. C. Speth, et al. (2004), Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 286(4): R764-70.
Abstract: In the present investigation we sought to determine if a perinatal high-salt treatment affects blood pressure at an early age (30 days), and if so, to determine the mechanisms responsible for the hypertension. Pregnant dams were given an 8% NaCl diet high-salt (HS) rats during the final one-third of gestation and throughout the suckling period. After weaning, the pups continued to receive the high-salt diet until testing at age 30 days. Control groups received a normal-salt diet (NS rats). In HS rats, mean arterial pressure (MAP) was significantly increased (110 +/- 5 vs. 96 +/- 3 mmHg) compared with NS rats. Blockade of brain AT(1) receptors with intracerebroventricular losartan decreased MAP in HS but not NS rats. Blockade of alpha-adrenergic receptors with intravenous phentolamine or ganglionic transmission with intravenous chlorisondamine produced a greater decrease in MAP in HS rats. Baroreflex control of heart rate was assessed using a four-parameter logistics function. The mid-range MAP (p3) was significantly increased in the HS rats. No other baroreflex parameters were affected. Specific binding of (125)I-Sa (1),Ile(8)ANG II to AT(1) receptors was increased in the subfornical organ (SFO) of the HS rats. Expression of AT(1a) receptor mRNA was greater in both SFO and PVN of the HS rats. These data suggest that even at an early age, Sprague-Dawley rats treated with a perinatal high-salt diet are hypertensive. The elevated blood pressure appears to be caused by increased sympathetic nervous activity, resulting, in part, from increased brain AT(1) receptor activation.

Effect of a structured health education program on reducing morbidity and mortality from high blood pressure
Levine, D. M., L. W. Green, et al. (1987), Bibl Cardiol(42): 8-16.

Effect of age and high blood pressure on baroreflex sensitivity in man
Gribbin, B., T. G. Pickering, et al. (1971), Circ Res 29(4): 424-31.

Effect of allicin from garlic powder on serum lipids and blood pressure in rats fed with a high cholesterol diet
Ali, M., K. K. Al-Qattan, et al. (2000), Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 62(4): 253-9.
Abstract: The use of fresh aqueous garlic extract is known to be effective in reducing thromboxane formation by platelets in both in vivo and in vitro animal models of thrombosis. In the present study, we studied the effect of Lichtwer garlic powder (containing 1.3% alliin equivalent to 0.6% allicin) on the serum cholesterol, triglyceride, glucose, protein, and systolic blood pressure in rats fed with a high cholesterol diet. Experimental rats were fed a 2% high cholesterol diet with and without garlic powder for 6 weeks. Control rats were fed a normal diet. The aqueous garlic powder extract was given orally to rats on a daily basis. It was observed that cholesterol-fed animals had a significant increase in serum cholesterol compared to the control group of rats fed on a normal diet. However, when the rats were fed with a high cholesterol diet mixed with garlic powder, there was a significant reduction in their serum cholesterol levels compared with the group which were on a diet containing high cholesterol without garlic powder. Serum triglyceride levels were also significantly lowered by garlic powder when compared to control and high cholesterol diet group rats. The blood pressure of the high cholesterol diet animals was significantly higher compared to the animals receiving the control diet. The blood pressure of the animals receiving garlic powder and high cholesterol diet was significantly lower as compared to the high cholesterol and control diet group. No significant changes were observed in the serum glucose and protein in all of the rats. These results show that garlic is beneficial in reducing blood cholesterol, triglycerides levels and systolic blood pressure in hypercholesterolemic rats. Our experimental results show that garlic may beneficially affect two risk factors for atherosclerosis--hyperlipidemia and hypertension.

Effect of blood and meconium on the determination of phospholipids in amniotic fluid using high pressure liquid chromatography
Heinze, T., G. Kynast, et al. (1988), J Perinat Med 16(1): 53-60.
Abstract: This paper presents the evaluation of the effects of blood and meconium on the determination of the phospholipids phosphatidylglycerol (PG), phosphatidylinositol (PI), phosphatidylethanolamine (PE), phosphatidylcholine (PC), sphingomyelin (SP) and lysolecithin (LL) in amniotic fluid. Phospholipids were analyzed by a new method using high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC), which is based on the procedure of BRIAND et al. The method was extended for quantitative determination with lysolecithin as internal standard. The HPLC equipment consisted of two pumps, an HPLC programmer, an HPLC oven, a UV detector and an integrator. The chromatographic separation was achieved on a 25 cm DIOL-column and a 6 cm guard column packed with silica SI 60. The oven temperature was 55 degrees C and the detector wave length was 201 nm. The chromatographic mobile phase was composed of two solvents, acetonitrile and water. A solvent gradient was run from 2.4% water to 15% water between 5 and 13 minutes. Phospholipids were extracted according to the procedure of GLUCK. Before extraction 40 micrograms of LL as internal standard were added to 2.0 ml amniotic fluid. In a standard solution the phospholipids PE, PC, SP and LL were baseline separated, in the case of PG and PI a perpendicular division of the peaks was necessary. To evaluate the effect of contamination by blood and meconium, various amounts of blood and meconium were added to uncontaminated amniotic fluid samples. Contamination by blood caused a rise of the concentrations of PC, PE and SP up to tenfold. PG and PI concentrations were not affected by blood staining.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Effect of blood pressure normalization on endothelial function evaluated by high-resolution ultrasonography in patients with essential hypertension
Bissinger, A., Z. Baj, et al. (2002), Acta Cardiol 57(1): 33-5.

Effect of different high-fat diets on the myocardium stereology and blood pressure in rats
Aguila, M. B. and C. A. Mandarim-de-Lacerda (2000), Pathol Res Pract 196(12): 841-6.
Abstract: The effect of three high-fat diets containing 29% canola oil (CA), lard plus egg yolk (LE) or canola oil, lard and egg yolk (CA+LE) in male Wistar rats was investigated over a period of 6 months. We analyzed the myocardium, composed of cardiomyocytes and interstitium, which is made up of connective tissue and blood vessels. Volume density of cardiomyocyte (Vvm), volume density of blood vessels (Vvv), and volume density of connective tissue (Vvct) were the stereological parameters determined. The rats of the LE group had a significantly higher heart mass/body mass ratio than those of the CA group. The blood pressure of the LE group was significantly higher than that of the other groups. In the CA group, the Vvm was significantly higher and the Vvct was significantly lower than in the other groups. The myocardium of both the LE and CA+LE groups showed a significant reduction of Vvm and a compensatory increase of the Vvct. These findings were less pronounced in the CA+LE group, in which the Vvv was found to be significantly higher than in the CA group. Comparing three high-fat diets, the data suggest that the diet canola oil had a major beneficial effect, preserving the myocardial structure and the blood pressure in rats.

Effect of exercise on blood pressure in pregnant women with a high risk of gestational hypertensive disorders
Yeo, S., N. M. Steele, et al. (2000), J Reprod Med 45(4): 293-8.
Abstract: OBJECTIVE: To prospectively determine whether moderate exercise during pregnancy lowers blood pressure. STUDY DESIGN: A randomized, controlled trial with one test group and one control group. All subjects have a history of mild hypertension, gestational hypertensive disorders or a family history of hypertensive disorders. Subjects were recruited before 14 weeks' gestation. After four weeks of observation, the subjects were randomly assigned to either the exercise or control group. The exercise group visited the laboratory three times a week for 10 weeks (18-28 gestation weeks) to perform 30 minutes of exercise at Rating of Perceived Exertion level 13. RESULTS: A total of 16 pregnant women (mean age, 30 years) participated. The mean metabolic equivalent during exercise sessions was 4.7 (SD = 0.8). Blood pressure measurements were compared before and after the 10-week exercise period in the two groups. Systolic blood pressures did not change significantly, but diastolic blood pressure (DBP) in the exercise group decreased by 3.5 mm Hg, while that in the control group increased by 1.1 mm Hg. Thus, the pre-post change in DBP differed by 4.6 mm Hg between groups. Exercise treatment reduced the diastolic blood pressure to a near-significant level in the exercise group (t = 2.34, df = 7, P =.052). Percent body fat did not differ between the exercise and control groups either before or after exercise treatment. ANOVA revealed that pregnancy had a significant effect (F(1, 14) = 5.7, P =.03) on increasing the percentage of fat, but exercise treatment did not (F(1, 14) =.18, P =.68). Estimated energy expenditure in overall daily physical activities during the intervention did not differ between the two groups despite the inclusion of exercise. CONCLUSION: This study detected a strong trend that 10 weeks of moderate exercise lowered the diastolic blood pressure among pregnant women at risk of hypertensive disorders. The reductions were probably due to the effect of exercise itself, not to weight or overall daily physical activity levels.

Effect of fasting and re-alimentation with diets high in carbohydrate or protein on blood pressure and heart rate of sympathectomized dogs
Wilhelmj, C. M., A. J. Carnazzo, et al. (1957), Am J Physiol 191(1): 103-7.

Effect of furosemide-reserpine on the high blood pressure of the hypertensive patient in rest and exertion
Kaiser, W. and H. Klepzig (1967), Med Welt 25: 1548-51.

Effect of high ambient pressure and oxygen tension on organ blood flow in conscious trained rats
Hordnes, C. and I. Tyssebotn (1985), Undersea Biomed Res 12(2): 115-28.
Abstract: Cardiac output and blood flow to different organs and tissues were investigated in conscious trained rats using radiolabeled microspheres (MS) injected into the left ventricle. Two subsequent MS injections were administered to each rat at normal gas atmosphere and pressure (control) and in one of the following experimental situations: at normal ambient pressure and high partial pressure of O2 (PO2 = 1.0 ATA) (Group 1); an ambient pressure of 5 ATA and high partial pressure of O2 (PO2 = 1.0 ATA) (Group 2); and at ambient pressure of 5 ATA and normal partial pressure of O2 (PO2 = 0.2 ATA). The inert gas was nitrogen. Cardiac output fell in Groups 1 and 2 with high PO2 (P less than 0.05), and was unchanged in Group 3 with normal PO2. Heart rate decreased in Groups 1 (NS) and 2 (P less than 0.01), and was unchanged in Group 3. The arterial pressure remained unchanged while the renal blood flow decreased (P less than 0.05) in all groups. The myocardial blood flow fell (P less than 0.05) in both groups with decreased cardiac output, and was increased by 25% (P less than 0.05) in normoxia (Group 3) with maintained cardiac output. The blood flow to the adrenal glands fell (P less than 0.05) in both groups with high PO2, and increased in the normoxic Group 3 (NS). The blood flow to the splanchnic area fell in all groups. The cerebral blood flow and blood flow to the eyes fell in both groups with high PO2 (P less than 0.05), and were constant in normoxia.

Effect of high ambient pressure and oxygen tension on organ blood flow in the anesthetized rat
Onarheim, J. and I. Tyssebotn (1980), Undersea Biomed Res 7(1): 47-60.
Abstract: Cardiac output (CO) and blood flow to major organs were investigated in pentobarbital-anesthetized rats using 85Sr- and 141Ce-labeled microspheres (MS) (15 +/- 1 microns (SD)) injected into the left ventricle. Since MS dissolved in dextran cannot be used in albino rats, the method was evaluated using MS dissolved in Ficoll-70. Two subsequent MS injections were administered to each rat at normal gas atmospheric pressure (Group 1). The results demonstrated homogeneous mixing of MS dissolved in Ficoll-70 and good reproducibility of hemodynamic measurements using ventricular injection. In three other series, control measurements were performed in each rat at a normal gas atmosphere and at atmospheric pressure, and in one of the following experimental situations: at 5.0 atmospheres absolute (ATA) of ambient pressure and normal O2 tension (PO2 - 0.2 ATA) (Group 2); at an ambient pressure of 5 ATA and high O2 tension (PO2 = 1.0 ATA) (Group 3); and at normal ambient pressure and high O2 tension (PO2 = 1.0 ATA) (Group 4). The inert gas was nitrogen. Cardiac output, heart rate, and mean arterial pressure did not change in any group. Renal blood flow fell by 15% (P less than 0.05) in all groups except in Group 1. Myocardial and cerebral blood flow increased by 30% (P less than 0.05) in groups 2 and 3. Blood flow in the diaphragm fell by 40% (P less than 0.001) in Group 4.

Effect of high and low altitude exposure on the blood pressure response to physical exercise
Palatini, P., G. Guzzardi, et al. (1991), Cardiologia 36(11): 853-9.
Abstract: Altitude exposure is known to cause an increase in adrenergic activity, blood pressure (BP) and heart rate (HR) in resting conditions. Much less is known on the effects of the hypoxic environment on the BP and HR response to physical exercise. Five physically trained young normotensive subjects underwent a 1-hour long bicycle ergometric test to exhaustion at sea level and after 24 hours of low (1322 m) and high (3322 m) altitude exposure. HR, BP and Hb oxygen (HbO2) saturation were measured throughout the test and the recovery period. The values obtained at 60, 70, 80, 90 and 100% maximum HR were calculated. Resting BP increased by 17.9/20.9 mmHg at 3322 m (p = 0.062/0.012) and by 10.0/12.8 mmHg at 1322 m (NS). However, the BP difference present at rest gradually flattened throughout effort and at peak exercise similar BP values were obtained during the 3 tests. HbO2 saturation was lower at 3322 m compared to the other 2 settings (91.5% vs 96.7% at sea level; p less than 0.0001) and this difference progressively and remarkably increased throughout the ergometric test. At 3322 m a lower workload was reached (189 +/- 39.4 vs 240 +/- 54.8 W; p less than 0.05). In agreement with previous results these data show that exposure to both high and low altitude causes an increase in resting BP and HR; however, during strenuous exercise maximum BP and HR do not exceed the levels attained at sea level, probably on account of the lower workload that may be reached in the hypoxic environment.

Effect of high blood pressure rise on the activity of the heart in chickens
Bopelet, M. (1972), C R Seances Soc Biol Fil 166(12): 1625-9.

Effect of high blood pressure stress on vascular adrenergic responsiveness in the spontaneously hypertensive rat
Soltis, E. E. and F. P. Field (1984), Clin Exp Hypertens A 6(7): 1237-55.
Abstract: A model in which partial ligation of the left external iliac artery results in a decrease in mean arterial blood pressure to the ipsilateral femoral artery (70 mmHg; protected) while mean pressure increases in the contralateral femoral artery (125 mmHg; unprotected) was used to determine the effect of high blood pressure stress on vascular adrenergic responsiveness. Age-matched (5 week old) male Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) and spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) were used in the study. Partial ligation was performed at 6 weeks of age and vascular reactivity studies undertaken at 10 weeks of age when the SHR were considered hypertensive (indirect systolic blood pressure greater than 150 mmHg). Force-tension analysis of femoral arterial rings revealed that all tissues contracted maximally at 1.0 gram of preload force. This value was used in subsequent studies on adrenergic responsiveness. Isoproterenol-induced relaxation was significantly attenuated in rings of vascular smooth muscle from unprotected femoral arteries of the SHR, however, the response of rings from protected arteries of the SHR was similar to that of the protected and unprotected arteries of the WKY animal. Unprotected arteries of the SHR exhibited a greater response to norepinephrine stimulation when compared to protected arteries of the SHR as well as unprotected and protected arteries of the WKY animal. This study suggests that alterations in vascular alpha- and beta-adrenergic responsiveness in the SHR are most probably due to the increase in blood pressure.

Effect of high calcium diet and nitrendipine on the development of high blood pressure in adrenalectomised spontaneously hypertensive rats treated with aldosterone
Semafuko, W. E. and D. J. Morris (1990), J Hum Hypertens 4(2): 165-7.
Abstract: The present investigation was designed to study the effect of high calcium diet and nitrendipine on aldosterone-induced development of high blood pressure in young adrenalectomised spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR). Animals raised on a control calcium diet (0.5% Ca) or high calcium diet (2.5% Ca) were adrenalectomised aged 5-6 weeks and treated with either aldosterone (1 microgram/day subcutaneously) in propylene glycol or aldosterone (1 microgram/day) plus nitrendipine (20 mg/kg/48 hr subcutaneously) in peanut oil. Controls received the aldosterone or nitrendipine vehicle and treatment lasted two weeks. The animals were given 0.9% NaCl ad libitum. Aldosterone caused a significant increase in systolic BP in adrenalectomised SHR fed the control calcium diet when compared with controls and the aldosterone-induced hypertension was blocked by the high calcium diet and nitrendipine (P less than 0.001, n = 4-7). These findings suggest that high dietary calcium has a protective effect against the development of aldosterone-induced hypertension and may enhance that of nitrendipine.

Effect of high calcium diet on magnesium, catecholamines, and blood pressure of stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rats
Luft, F. C., U. Ganten, et al. (1988), Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 187(4): 474-81.
Abstract: To test the effect of a high dietary calcium intake on blood pressure, we fed stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive (SHR-SP) and Wistar-Kyoto rats (WKY) diets containing (a) 0.25% Ca/0.08% Mg, (b) 4.0% Ca/0.02% Mg, and (c) 4.0% Ca/0.08% mg, beginning at 6 weeks of age. SHR-SP and WKY rats receiving 4% Ca with the lower Mg content had lower blood pressures, hypomagnesemia, and hypomagnesuria, and grew poorly. SHR-SP receiving 4% Ca and the higher Mg diet had blood pressures no different from those of rats receiving the 0.25% Ca diet, in spite of having lower body weights. Rubidium flux studies in erythrocytes were not influenced by Ca or Mg in the diets. Plasma phosphate values were moderately reduced in rats receiving 4% Ca diets. Epinephrine and norepinephrine values were higher in SHR-SP than in WKY rats. Norepinephrine increased with stress in both strains, independent of diet. Epinephrine values were lower in SHR-SP receiving the 4% Ca diets and showed less of an increase with stress compared to SHR-SP receiving the 0.25% Ca diet. After 26 weeks of diets, SHR-SP and WKY rats were given 0.9% NaCl in their drinking water. NaCl increased blood pressure in SHR-SP irrespective of Ca content of the diet. These data suggest that a high Ca diet influences Mg homeostasis and adrenal medullary function in SHR-SP. Further, SHR-SP appear resistant to any blood pressure lowering effect of Ca irrespective of NaCl intake.

Effect of high calcium diet on the development of high blood pressure in intact spontaneously hypertensive rats and in adrenalectomized spontaneously hypertensive rats treated with aldosterone
Semafuko, W. E. and D. J. Morris (1991), Steroids 56(3): 131-5.
Abstract: The current investigation was designed to study the effect(s) of high calcium diet on the development of high blood pressure (BP) in both young intact spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRs) and in young adrenalectomized (ADX) male SHRs treated with aldosterone (ALDO). Weaned SHRs were fed either a control calcium diet (0.5% Ca as PO4) (CCaDiet), a high calcium diet (2.5% Ca, 0.5% as PO4 and 2% as CO3) (HCaDiet), or Agway ProLab rat food containing 2.5% Ca (HCaPLDiet). The HCaDiet significantly blunted the development of high BP in young intact SHRs (P less than 0.001; n = 8 to 10). At 6 weeks of age, BP was 117 +/- 2 mm Hg (HCaDiet) compared with 135 +/- 3 mm Hg (CCaDiet); by 12.7 weeks of age, BP was 192 +/- 4 mm Hg (HCaDiet) compared with 233 +/- 3 mm Hg (CCaDiet). Similar results were observed in age-matched SHRs fed the HCaPLDiet. The results show that subcutaneous infusion of ALDO (1.0 microgram/d, osmotic pumps) for 2 weeks to young ADX male SHRs raised on the CCaDiet caused a significant increase in systolic BP when compared with SHRs implanted with Sham pumps (P less than 0.001). High BP associated with ALDO infusion was attenuated by the HCaDiet (BP after 2 weeks was 138 +/- 8 mm Hg for the HCaDiet group compared with 200 +/- 5 mm Hg for the CCaDiet group, P less than 0.001; n = 4 to 6). The results show that the HCaDiet blunts the development of high BP in intact SHRs and may protect against the development of ALDO hypertension in ADX young SHRs.

Effect of high calcium intake on blood pressure and intracellular pH, Na(+)-H+ exchange activity in stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rats
Li, D. Y., D. G. Gu, et al. (1994), Sheng Li Xue Bao 46(1): 78-82.
Abstract: Effect of high calcium (3%) intake on blood pressure and intracellular pH, Na(+)-H+ exchange activity, cytosolic free calcium concentration in stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRSP-Ca) is compared with sex-, ag-matched SHRSP and WKY rats without high calcium intake. The results showed that high calcium intake significantly suppressed increase in blood pressure and decreased cytosolic free calcium concentration after it was given to SHRSP-Ca for 6 weeks, while plasma calcium was increased. The intracellular pH tended to be in the normal range of WKY rats. Na(+)-H+ exchange activity was slightly decreased. Correlationship between blood pressure and intracellular pH, Na(+)-H+ exchange activity and cytosolic free calcium concentration were discussed.

Effect of high energy x-irradiation of the head on cerebral blood flow and blood pressure in the Macaca mulatta
Chapman, P. H. and R. J. Young (1968), Aerosp Med 39(12): 1316-21.

Effect of high hematocrit and high blood flow rates on transmembrane pressure and ultrafiltration rate in hemodialysis
Ofsthun, N. J., J. C. Jensen, et al. (1991), Blood Purif 9(3): 169-76.
Abstract: Removal of prescribed ultrafiltration volumes in hemodialysis requires knowledge of both the ultrafiltration coefficient of the dialyzer and the average transmembrane pressure (TMP) in the dialyzer. While it has been a fairly common practice to assume that the TMP is constant along the length of the dialyzer, it actually decreases linearly from a maximum value at the blood inlet to a minimum value at the blood outlet. In the past, ignoring the difference between arterial and venous TMPs when calculating the dialysate pressure setting did not result in significant errors in ultrafiltration volume. However, with the introduction of erythropoietin therapy and the trend toward high-efficiency dialysis, increases in hematocrit and blood flow rate have led to axial variations in TMP which, if ignored, can lead to inaccurate fluid removal. The goals of this paper are to provide an understanding of how high hematocrits and high blood flow rates affect TMP and ultrafiltration rate, and to provide simple guidelines for ensuring accurate fluid removal. Sample calculations are given on the last page for easy reference.

Effect of high pressure on peripheral blood picture; preliminary communication.
Dolatkowski, A. and L. Laba (1955), Biul Panstw Inst Med Morsk Trop J W Gdansku 6: 277-80.

Effect of high pressure perfusion of the kidney on the systemic blood pressure in normotensive and hypertensive dogs
Musha, D. and H. Ono (1970), Jpn Circ J 34(5): 379-85.

Effect of high protein vs high carbohydrate intake on insulin sensitivity, body weight, hemoglobin A1c, and blood pressure in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus
Sargrad, K. R., C. Homko, et al. (2005), J Am Diet Assoc 105(4): 573-80.
Abstract: BACKGROUND: Extremely low carbohydrate/high protein diets are popular methods of weight loss. Compliance with these diets is poor and long-term effectiveness and the safety of these diets for patients with type 2 diabetes is not known. OBJECTIVE: The objective of the current study was to evaluate effects of less extreme changes in carbohydrate or protein diets on weight, insulin sensitivity, glycemic control, cardiovascular risk factors (blood pressure, lipid levels), and renal function in obese inner-city patients with type 2 diabetes. DESIGN: Study patients were admitted to the General Clinical Research Center for 24 hours for initial tests including a hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp (for measurement of insulin sensitivity), bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) and anthropometric measurements (for assessment of body composition), indirect calorimetry (for measurement of REE), electronic blood pressure monitoring, and blood chemistries to measure blood lipids levels along with renal and hepatic functions. Six patients with type 2 diabetes (five women and one man) were randomly assigned to the high-protein diet (40% carbohydrate, 30% protein, 30% fat) and six patients (four women and two men) to the high-carbohydrate diet (55% carbohydrate, 15% protein, 30% fat). All patients returned to the General Clinical Research Center weekly for monitoring of food records; dietary compliance; and measurements of body weight, blood pressure, and blood glucose. After 8 weeks on these diets, all patients were readmitted to the General Clinical Research Center for the same series of tests. INTERVENTION: Twelve study patients were taught to select either the high-protein or high-carbohydrate diet and were followed for 8 weeks. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Insulin sensitivity, hemoglobin A1c, weight, and blood pressure were measured. STATISTICAL ANALYSES: Statistical significance was assessed using two-tailed Student's t tests and two-way repeated measures analysis of variance. RESULTS: Both the high-carbohydrate and high-protein groups lost weight (-2.2+/-0.9 kg, -2.5+/-1.6 kg, respectively, P <.05) and the difference between the groups was not significant (P =.9). In the high-carbohydrate group, hemoglobin A1c decreased (from 8.2% to 6.9%, P <.03), fasting plasma glucose decreased (from 8.8 to 7.2 mmol/L, P <.02), and insulin sensitivity increased (from 12.8 to 17.2 micromol/kg/min, P <.03). No significant changes in these parameters occurred in the high-protein group, instead systolic and diastolic blood pressures decreased (-10.5+/-2.3 mm Hg, P =.003 and -18+/-9.0 mm Hg, P <.05, respectively). After 2 months on these hypocaloric diets, each diet had either no or minimal effects on lipid levels (total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein, high-density lipoprotein), renal (blood urea nitrogen, serum creatinine), or hepatic function (aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, bilirubin).

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