| For medical practitioners and the general public - High Blood Pressure Journal Article Catalog. |
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| High blood pressure in black populations--current perspectives of incidence, prevalence and risk factors Oni, A. (1984), J Tenn Med Assoc 77(3): 134-42. |
| High Blood Pressure In Children Jabloner, J. and M. A. Engle (1964), Heart Bull 13: 84-8. |
| High blood pressure in children Rascher, W. and K. Scharer (1987), Dtsch Med Wochenschr 112(35): 1358. |
| High blood pressure in children and adolescents: determinant factors Rosa, A. A. and J. P. Ribeiro (1999), J Pediatr (Rio J) 75(2): 75-82. Abstract: OBJECTIVE: To review the state of prevalence of hypertension in childhood and the importance of its possible determinants. METHODS: Analysis of the literature concerned with eleven possible determinant factors - experimental design, internal and external validity. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: Central body fat pattern seems to be a risk factor, while heart rate and tracking would be true markers of future hypertension. Social class, biological maturation, race, sodium intake and genetic factors have not yet been validated through unbiased studies. |
| High blood pressure in children: problems and guidelines for evaluation and treatment Londe, S. and D. Goldring (1976), Am J Cardiol 37(4): 650-7. Abstract: Evidence is presented from studies of the authors and of other investigators that primary hypertension is more common in children than was previously thought. Ninety-five percent of 131 asymptomatic children with incidental hypertension were considered to have primary hypertension after investigation for possible causes. The definition of hypertension was based on normal ranges of blood pressure for each age and sex. However, the definition of juvenile hypertension is still unsettled as is the question of treatment. Investigation of the effect of prolonged antihypertensive therapy on growth and development is needed. Primary hypertension in the young makes possible the study of the disease at its inception. |
| High blood pressure in choroidal arteries as a possible pathogenetic mechanism in senile macular degeneration Bischoff, P. M. and R. W. Flower (1983), Am J Ophthalmol 96(3): 398-9. |
| High blood pressure in hydronephrosis of the upper portion of bilateral duplicate kidneys Rost, A. and U. Fiedler (1980), Z Urol Nephrol 73(5): 385-9. |
| High blood pressure in men aged 50--a population study of men born in 1913 Tibblin, G. (1967), Acta Med Scand Suppl 470: 1-84. |
| High blood pressure in older Americans. The First National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey Harlan, W. R., A. L. Hull, et al. (1984), Hypertension 6(6 Pt 1): 802-9. Abstract: Data from a representative sample of the U.S. adult population obtained during 1971-1975 were analyzed to provide a profile of blood pressure (BP) levels and related nutritional and sociodemographic factors. Older adults (aged 55-74 years) had a twofold greater prevalence of high BP than younger adults (25-54 years), and older black persons had the highest rates. Isolated systolic elevation was uncommon under 54 years of age, but occurred in 5% to 10% of adults over 55 years and was less common than systolic-diastolic elevation. In older adults, body mass (weight/height2) had the strongest relationship to BP of all the nutritional variables. Alcohol consumption and dietary calcium and phosphorus were associated with high BP, but dietary sodium and salt use were not. The serum calcium/phosphorus ratio and serum urate were significantly higher in older adults with high BP. In general, the variables associated with elevated BP in older adults were similar to those in younger adults, although the strengths of the associations differed. Associations of factors useful for nonpharmacologic prevention and management of high BP in older persons were suggested from this survey. |
| High blood pressure in older persons: a high risk special population Flack, J. M. (1994), Can J Public Health 85 Suppl 2: S9-11. Abstract: Blood pressure (BP), particularly systolic blood pressure (SBP), rises with advancing age. Isolated systolic hypertension is the most common type of hypertension (HTN) phenotype after age 70. Moreover, at similar BP levels the absolute risk for CVD is several fold higher in elderly than in young patients. End-organ damage is common, and significant renal impairment can be present even when serum creatinine levels are normal. All forms of HTN in the elderly should be treated. A recent meta-analysis of eight clinical trials involving elderly patients documented a 15/6 mm Hg treatment difference between intervention and control groups, and a lower rate of stroke, CHD and death from all causes in the intervention group. Gradual BP control into the "normal" range should be the goal in elderly patients. There is no convincing evidence that lowering BP is harmful (J-curve hypothesis). Coexisting medical conditions influence therapeutic choices. The suggested medical evaluation of elderly hypertensive patients with suspected secondary forms of HTN is covered as well as pervasive clinical myths about HTN in the elderly. |
| High blood pressure in older women Wakefield, H. (1954), Postgrad Med 16(3): 175-7. |
| High blood pressure in poliomyelitis. Lachmund, H. (1950), Dtsch Med Wochenschr 75(14): 450-2. |
| High blood pressure in pregnancy Green, L. A. (2001), Am Fam Physician 64(2): 225, 228. |
| High blood pressure in pregnancy Iffy, L. and V. Ganesh (1991), Am J Obstet Gynecol 165(1): 236-7. |
| High blood pressure in pregnancy Townsend, L. (1960), Med J Aust 47(2): 641-53. |
| High blood pressure in pregnancy: effects of Ca2+ and Mg2+ Kisters, K., F. Louwen, et al. (1998), J Hypertens 16(10): 1561-2. |
| High blood pressure in the African context Akinkugbe, O. O. (1980), Trop Doct 10(2): 56-8. |
| High blood pressure in the dental practice Braun, R. (1976), Greater Milw Dent Bull 43(10): 246-9. |
| High blood pressure in the elderly Bass, M. (1985), Lancet 2(8454): 554-5. |
| High blood pressure in the elderly Bots, M. L., D. E. Grobbee, et al. (1991), Epidemiol Rev 13: 294-314. |
| High blood pressure in the elderly Droller, H., J. Pemberton, et al. (1952), Br Med J 2(4791): 968-70. |
| High blood pressure in the elderly. Mathisen, H. S. (1961), Tidsskr Nor Laegeforen 81: 1608-11. |
| High blood pressure in the geriatric population: treatment considerations Sander, G. E. (2002), Am J Geriatr Cardiol 11(4): 223-32. Abstract: Increases in blood pressure (BP), particularly systolic BP, have traditionally been considered to be a normal or "physiologic" component of the aging process. However, it is now clear that elevated BP, particularly systolic BP, represents a pathophysiologic manifestation of altered cardiovascular physiology and structure, ultimately manifesting as increased cardiovascular morbidity and mortality (myocardial infarction, stroke, and total cardiovascular death rates). More than one half of the population aged 65 or older have hypertension, defined as BP > or = 140/90 mm Hg. Framingham data indicate that the risk of coronary heart disease increases with lower diastolic BP at any level of systolic BP > or = 120 mm Hg, thus further stressing the importance of pressure-induced arterial vascular compliance changes and introducing pulse pressure as an important predictor of cardiovascular risk. Geriatric hypertension is generally of a salt-sensitive nature and often associated with impaired baroreflex function. Reduction in sodium intake is important and effective in older patients, and should be initiated before or together with drug therapy. Encouraging data from clinical trials now strongly support the aggressive anti-hypertensive treatment of elderly patients. A recent meta-analysis of eight outcome trials evaluating the risks of treated and untreated isolated systolic hypertension has demonstrated a 30% reduction in combined fatal and nonfatal stroke, a 26% reduction in fatal and nonfatal cardiovascular events, and a 13% reduction in total mortality. Those drugs effective in younger patients also appear effective in the elderly; low-dose thiazides (alone or in combination with potassium sparing agents), beta blockers, long-acting dihydropyridine calcium antagonists, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, and angiotensin receptor blockers all have demonstrated efficacy. In selecting an agent, it is important to consider comorbid disease states, and to recognize the potential of all nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, whether conventional or cyclooxygenase-2 specific, to increase BP or interfere with other antihypertensive agents. In general, the elderly should be treated to target BP levels identical to those suggested for younger patients, although a more gradual reduction to target, perhaps with an intermediate BP goal of < 160 mm Hg, may be advisable. |
| High blood pressure in the Western Isles: a comparative study with Dundee Lafferty, M. E., C. G. Isles, et al. (1988), J Hum Hypertens 2(2): 97-102. Abstract: A screening programme for cardiovascular risk factors in men aged 50-59 was undertaken in North Uist, and the results compared with an age- and sex-matched control group from Dundee screened as part of the Scottish Heart Health Study. Blood pressure levels were higher in the Islanders than in controls (148 +/- 20/89 +/- 10 mmHg vs 134 +/- 19/84 +/- 11 mmHg (P less than 0.001). Analysis of standard twelve-lead electrocardiograms revealed a greater prevalence of left ventricular hypertrophy in the Islanders (51% vs 16%, P less than 0.005), suggesting that the recorded BP differences were real and not artefacts of measurement. The explanation for the higher BP on North Uist is less clear. Environmental factors that might influence BP including body mass index, the amount of exercise taken, alcohol consumption, dietary salt and potassium intake were similar in North Uist and Dundee. By contrast, an analysis of family names in the two centres indicated a greater degree of common ancestry in North Uist (28 surnames/84 islanders v 98 surnames/110 controls, P less than 0.001). These results suggest that known environmental causes of hypertension are not responsible for higher BP amongst men of North Uist, and this with the data on family names raises the possibility that genetic factors are more important. |
| High blood pressure in the young Berenson, G. S., J. L. Cresanta, et al. (1984), Annu Rev Med 35: 535-60. Abstract: Essential hypertension begins in early childhood. Current evidence suggests that those children persisting at high levels over time may be considered to have essential hypertension. The evaluation of high levels is best judged from blood pressure percentile grids representing population measurements, as long as the methods used to measure blood pressure and to generate the grids are similar. Resting, basal blood pressure measurements are more reproducible and are better for following the time course of blood pressure levels in children. Measurements should be made in an unhurried, relaxed atmosphere by trained observers using adequately lighted instruments placed at eye level and a cuff size appropriate for the child's arm length and circumference. Repeated observations and serial blood pressure measurements of growing children are necessary for judgments of abnormal levels. There is a progressive rise of approximately 1.5 mm Hg systolic and 1 mm Hg diastolic pressure per year of age, but blood pressure levels in the growing child are more closely related to height. In most instances elevated blood pressure levels in children cannot be attributed to secondary causes. Various hemodynamic and biochemical mechanisms have been identified in the early stages of hypertension, and mechanisms contributing to the development of hypertension may be of different magnitudes in black children and white children. Studies following young adults over many years have shown the predictive value of baseline blood pressure levels for subsequent hypertension. Children tracking at the high percentiles can be identified and are candidates for early intervention. The key to early prevention of essential hypertension is to influence children and adolescents to adopt lifestyles that promote good health and prevent development of cardiovascular risk factors. |
| High blood pressure in the young Kotchen, T. A. and R. J. Havlik (1980), Ann Intern Med 92(2 Pt 1): 254-5. |
| High blood pressure in the young symposium Kotchen, T. A. (1980), Hypertension 2(4 Pt 2): I2. |
| High blood pressure in the young symposium Kotchen, T. A. and R. J. Havlik (1980), Hypertension 2(4 Pt 2): I134-5. |
| High blood pressure in transgenic mice carrying the rat angiotensinogen gene Kimura, S., J. J. Mullins, et al. (1992), Embo J 11(3): 821-7. Abstract: Transgenic mice were generated by injecting the entire rat angiotensinogen gene into the germline of NMRI mice. The resulting transgenic animals were characterized with respect to hemodynamics, parameters of the renin angiotension system, and expression of the transgene. The transgenic line TGM(rAOGEN)123 developed hypertension with a mean arterial blood pressure of 158 mmHg in males and 132 mmHg in females. In contrast, the transgenic line TGM(rAOGEN)92 was not hypertensive. Rat angiotensinogen was detectable only in plasma of animals of line 123. Total plasma angiotensinogen and plasma angiotensin II concentrations were about three times as high as those of negative control mice. In TGM(rAOGEN)123 the transgene was highly expressed in liver and brain. Transcripts were also detected in heart, kidney and testis. In TGM(rAOGEN)92 the brain was the main expressing organ. In situ hybridization revealed an mRNA distribution in the brain of TGM(rAOGEN)123 similar to the one in rat. In TGM(rAOGEN)92 the expression pattern in the brain was aberrant. These data indicate that overexpression of the angiotensinogen gene in liver and brain leads to the development of hypertension in transgenic mice. The TGM(rAOGEN)123 constitutes a high angiotensin II type of hypertension and may provide a new experimental animal model to study the kinetics and function of the renin angiotensin system. |
| High blood pressure in women Calhoun, D. A. and S. Oparil (1997), Int J Fertil Womens Med 42(3): 198-205. Abstract: There is a sexual dimorphism in blood pressure of humans and experimental animals: males tend to have higher blood pressure than females with functional ovaries, while ovariectomy or menopause tends to abolish the sexual dimorphism and cause females to develop a "male" pattern of blood pressure. Hypertensive male laboratory animals tend to have NaCl-sensitive blood pressure, while females are NaCl resistant unless their ovaries are removed, in which case NaCl sensitivity appears. The hormonal basis of NaCl sensitivity of blood pressure and of the sexual dimorphism of hypertension remains to be defined. Synthetic estrogens and progestins, as found in oral contraceptives, tend to elevate blood pressure, while naturally occurring estrogens lower it, or have no effect. Hypertension increases cardiovascular risk in women, as well as men, although the benefits of antihypertensive treatment have been more difficult to demonstrate in women. In the population of the United States, women are more aware of their hypertension, more likely to be treated medically, and more likely to have their blood pressure controlled. |
| High blood pressure in women. A cross-sectional and a longitudinal follow-up study Sigurdsson, J. A. (1982), Acta Med Scand Suppl 669: 1-39. |
| High blood pressure in young adults: the probability of finding raised blood pressure levels and its predictive factors Maas, J. and A. Hofman (1984), Ned Tijdschr Geneeskd 128(4): 150-3. |
| High blood pressure induced by audiovisual stimulation in young rats: effect of antihypertensive agents Florentino, A., A. Castro, et al. (1988), Clin Exp Hypertens A 10(5): 873-85. Abstract: High systolic blood pressure (BP) was induced in young Wistar rats by daily exposure for 30 mins to environmental stimuli consisting of intense (100 dB) sound of 7500 cps and flashing light (0.3 cps). Maximal BP enhancement was obtained after the application of both these stimuli for 3 consecutive days. Such a hypertensive response was detected 24 hrs, but not 1 hr after the trial. High BP backed to normal 72 hrs after discontinuation of the audiovisual stimulation trials. Clinically effective antihypertensive agents (clonidine, prazosin, propranolol, practolol and metoprolol) as well as a new compound under investigation (cicletanine) were proved active in this model. Normotensive nonstressed rats run in parallel did not show any variation in their BP after administration of the same dose of the drugs assayed. This experimental model of hypertension may be a useful tool not only to test new antihypertensive agents but also to study the intriguing question of the role of stress in the development and maintenance of essential hypertension. |
| High blood pressure is a major factor in progression of diabetic nephropathy Parving, H. H. and E. Hommel (1988), J Diabet Complications 2(2): 92-5. Abstract: Arterial hypertension is a frequent finding, even early in the course of diabetic nephropathy. Systemic and glomerular hypertension enhance the development of diabetic glomerulopathy and accelerate the rate of decline in glomerular filtration rate in diabetic nephropathy. Conversely, effective antihypertensive treatment reduces albuminuria and diminishes the rate of decline in glomerular filtration rate, thereby postponing end-stage renal failure in diabetic nephropathy. |
| High blood pressure is a risk factor for the development of microalbuminuria in Japanese subjects with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus Haneda, M., R. Kikkawa, et al. (1992), J Diabetes Complications 6(3): 181-5. Abstract: In this study, 52 nonproteinuric Japanese patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes (NIDDM) were followed from 1985 to 1990 to investigate the rate of development and progression of microalbuminuria and the factors which influence it. In 1985, 34 patients were normoalbuminuric, and 18 patients were microalbuminuric. Five years later, 11 of 34 initially normoalbuminuric patients (32.4%) developed microalbuminuria, and 6 of 18 initially microalbuminuric patients (33.3%) developed overt proteinuria. At the beginning of the study, hypertension existed more frequently in the patients who later developed microalbuminuria (8 of 11, 72.7%) than in the patients who stayed normoalbuminuric (4 of 23, 17.4%). Age-adjusted values of mean blood pressure (+/- SEM) at the beginning of the study in the patients who developed microalbuminuria (98.2 +/- 3.4 mm Hg, n = 11) were significantly higher than those in the patients who stayed normoalbuminuric (87.3 +/- 2.4 mm Hg, n = 23). In six patients who developed overt proteinuria, initial urinary albumin excretion rates (AER) were higher than those in the patients who stayed microalbuminuric, and four patients who presented with initial AER greater than 100 micrograms/min all developed overt proteinuria. These results indicate that, in Japanese patients with NIDDM, the rate of development of microalbuminuria is faster than that reported in Caucasian IDDM, and preexisting hypertension with relatively poor control of blood pressure may be a risk factor for the development of microalbuminuria. |
| High blood pressure is inversely related with the presence and extent of coronary collaterals Koerselman, J., P. P. de Jaegere, et al. (2005), J Hum Hypertens 19(10): 809-17. Abstract: Patients with hypertension have an increased case fatality during acute myocardial infarction (MI). Coronary collateral (CC) circulation has been proposed to reduce the risk of death during acute ischaemia. We determined whether and to which degree high blood pressure (BP) affects the presence and extent of CC circulation. A cross-sectional study in 237 patients (84% males), admitted for elective coronary angioplasty between January 1998 and July 2002, was conducted. Collaterals were graded with Rentrop's classification (grade 0-3). CC presence was defined as Rentrop-grade > or =1. BP was measured twice with an inflatable cuff manometer in seated position. Pulse pressure was calculated by systolic blood pressure (SBP)-diastolic blood pressure (DBP). Mean arterial pressure was calculated by DBP+1/3 x (SBP-DBP). Systolic hypertension was defined by a reading > or =140 mmHg. We used logistic regression with adjustment for putative confounders. SBP (odds ratio (OR) 0.86 per 10 mmHg; 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.73-1.00), DBP (OR 0.67 per 10 mmHg; 95% CI 0.49-0.93), mean arterial pressure (OR 0.73 per 10 mmHg; 95% CI 0.56-0.94), systolic hypertension (OR 0.49; 95% CI 0.26-0.94), and antihypertensive treatment (OR 0.53; 95% CI 0.27-1.02), each were inversely associated with the presence of CCs. Also, among patients with CCs, there was a graded, significant inverse relation between levels of SBP, levels of pulse pressure, and collateral extent. There is an inverse relationship between BP and the presence and extent of CC circulation in patients with ischaemic heart disease. |
| High blood pressure is one of the symptoms of paraquat-induced toxicity in rats Oliveira, M. V., J. A. Albuquerque, et al. (2005), Arch Toxicol 79(9): 515-8. Abstract: This study investigated whether paraquat (Pq)-induced lipidic peroxidation (LP) is accompanied by changes in blood pressure and heart rate (HR) in rats. Groups of adult male Wistar rats were studied 2 and 12 h after Pq (35 mg/kg, i.p.) administration. The LP was evaluated by monitoring thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) in the kidneys, liver and lungs, and validated by including a group treated with an antioxidant, superoxide dismutase (CuZnSOD 50,000 IU/kg), in the study. The TBARS levels were significantly higher (p<0.05) in the kidneys of the rats studied 2 h after Pq than in their respective controls. Similarly, systolic and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) were higher (p<0.05), while HR was lower (p<0.05) than basal levels 2 and 12 h after Pq administration. In contrast, the group treated simultaneously with Pq and CuZnSOD exhibited lower levels of TBARS (p<0.05) in all studied organs compared to the control group, while the mean arterial pressure and HR did not differ from those seen in the control group. These findings indicate that acute Pq poisoning symptoms include high blood pressure. |
| High blood pressure is still being inadequately treated Patyna, W. D. and F. Matzdorff (1981), Med Klin 76(9): 261-4. Abstract: In a group of 300 patients with essential hypertension, grades I and II (WHO), the medicamental treatment and the relation of blood pressure before and during their stationary treatment at a clinic for rehabilitation of cardiovascular disease were explored. 23% of the patients were admitted to the clinic without any antihypertensive treatment. Only 18% of the patients had been treated before according to the general directions with beta-receptor-blockers and/or diuretics (so-called basic therapy). These percentages remained almost constant during the period of observation from 1977 to 1979. According to the relation of blood pressure a change of medicaments to the so-called basic therapy was necessary in 59% of the cases. In 11% of the patients an adequate reduction of weight made medicamental treatment unnecessary. |
| High blood pressure knowledge in an urban African-American community Martins, D., D. Gor, et al. (2001), Ethn Dis 11(1): 90-6. Abstract: OBJECTIVE: To determine the level and determinants of knowledge of the risks for hypertension and the potential for its prevention in an urban African-American community. METHODS: In a survey of 397 African-American adults (18-73 years of age) at an urban community fair, we measured high blood pressure knowledge using a 12-item questionnaire designed at NIH for the assessment of high blood pressure knowledge among non-medical persons. RESULTS: The mean high blood pressure knowledge score for the overall sample was 83.1%. There were subgroup differences in the scores with significant associations between high blood pressure knowledge score and level of education (P =.002) and a personal history of hypertension (P =.009). CONCLUSION: We concluded that the participants exhibited a high, but variable, level of high blood pressure knowledge with a higher level of education and/or a personal history of hypertension having a significant association with greater blood pressure knowledge. The effects of the magnitude and mode of acquisition of high blood pressure knowledge on the control of high blood pressure and its related outcomes need to be examined in further studies. |
| High blood pressure lowered by pregnancy Murakami, T., E. Watanabe Ogura, et al. (2000), Lancet 356(9246): 1980. |