| For medical practitioners and the general public - High Blood Pressure Journal Article Catalog. |
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| Effect of high sodium dialysate on blood pressure and interdialysis weight gain Thompson, P. (1982), Aannt J 9(5): 38-40. |
| Effect of high-dose ibuprofen on 24-hour blood pressure in healthy women McKenney, J. M., J. T. Wright, Jr., et al. (1987), Drug Intell Clin Pharm 21(6): 517-21. Abstract: The nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drug (NSAID) indomethacin has been shown to increase blood pressure in normotensive individuals. The effect of other NSAID on blood pressure has not been as well studied. We evaluated the effects of ibuprofen, an NSAID currently available without a prescription, on 24-hour ambulatory blood pressure in ten young, healthy, normotensive women. Using a randomized, crossover, double-blind design, subjects received ibuprofen 800 mg and a placebo identical in appearance to ibuprofen three times a day for eight days with a washout period between regimens. Subjects were instructed to follow a no-added salt diet during the study. Twenty-four-hour blood pressure monitoring and 24-hour urine collection for prostaglandin E2, creatinine, and sodium were performed on days 1 and 8 of each study week. Tablet counts and a 40 percent reduction in urinary prostaglandin E2 documented compliance with ibuprofen. Ibuprofen had no significant effect on systolic or diastolic blood pressure at any hour during the 24-hour period. Mean blood pressure for the 24-hour period was 112/73 and 111/73 mm Hg on day 1 and 111/73 and 112/73 mm Hg on day 8 for placebo and ibuprofen, respectively. We conclude that ibuprofen at doses as high as 2400 mg/d for up to seven days has no effect on blood pressure in normotensive women. Further studies are needed in hypertensive subjects. |
| Effect of high-energy x-ray and pulsed gamma-neutron radiation on brain blood flow, vascular resistance, blood pressure, and heart rate in monkeys Nathan, M. A. and D. J. Craig (1972), Radiat Res 50(3): 543-55. |
| Effect of high-pressure helium on latex-induced activated chemiluminescence of human blood leucocytes Tyurin-Kuz'min, A. Y. and A. V. Vdovin (2003), Biochemistry (Mosc) 68(9): 1036-9. Abstract: High-pressure helium reduces the latex-induced activated chemiluminescence of diluted human blood. This effect is more noticeable, when lucigenin rather than luminol is used as the activator of chemiluminescence. The effect lessens in the presence of Mg2+ but not Ca2+. The data suggest the association of this effect with actin polymerization in leucocytes phagocytosing the latex particles. |
| Effect of high-salt intake on blood pressure and vascular reactivity of diabetic rats Santos, S. F., L. M. Vieira, et al. (1995), Braz J Med Biol Res 28(8): 889-94. Abstract: The etiopathogenesis of diabetes mellitus (DM)-associated hypertension is not known. Sodium and an increased vascular reactivity to vasopressor agents have been implicated in the pathogenesis of this disease in humans. The aim of the present study was to experimentally evaluate the possible role of salt intake and changes in vascular reactivity in the pathogenesis of DM-associated hypertension. Male Wistar rats, weighing 180 to 200 g, rendered diabetic by streptozotocin (65 mg/kg) and maintained moderately hyperglycemic with insulin were submitted to high-salt intake (tap water replaced with 1.0% NaCl) for 8 weeks (D+salt rats, N = 8). Mean arterial pressure and reactivity of the isolated aorta to norepinephrine and angiotensin II were then determined. Diabetic rats on normal-salt intake (group D+nl, N = 6) or normal-salt intake (group non-D+nl, N = 8) were used as controls. Mean blood pressure was significantly higher in D+salt rats (123 +/- 3 mmHg) compared with the D+nl (113 +/- 3 mmHg), non-D+salt (111 +/- 2 mmHg) and non-D+nl (105 +/- 2 mmHg) groups. Mean blood pressure was also significantly higher in diabetic rats on normal-salt intake compared with control rats on normal-salt intake. Vascular reactivity of the aorta to norepinephrine was increased only in diabetic rats on high-salt intake. No modification in reactivity was detected with regard to the reactivity to angiotensin II. We conclude that high-salt intake increases blood pressure in diabetic rats and that increased aorta vascular reactivity to norepinephrine might be involved in the blood pressure alteration. |
| Effect of hydergin (CCK 179) in high blood pressure. Volker, R. and E. Kaczmarek (1950), Z Kreislaufforsch 39(3/4): 85-96. |
| Effect of nifedipine on cystometry-induced elevation of blood pressure in patients with a reflex urinary bladder after a high level spinal cord injury Thyberg, M., P. Ertzgaard, et al. (1994), Paraplegia 32(5): 308-13. Abstract: In 10 patients with a reflex urinary bladder after a cervical or high thoracic spinal cord injury, the effect of nifedipine on the cystometry-induced elevation of blood pressure was studied. The blood pressure was measured every 30 s in four consecutive cystometries before and after administration of 10 mg nifedipine sublingually. In each patient there was a decrease in the maximum systolic and diastolic blood pressure after the administration of nifedipine. In the whole group the mean maximum systolic pressure decreased significantly from 147 mmHg (range 119-165, SD 14) to 118 mmHg (range 99-145, SD 14). The mean maximum diastolic pressure decreased from 110 mmHg (range 96-124, SD 10) to 83 mmHg (range 71-99, SD 10). The effect of nifedipine was significant in each of the four cystometries that were performed. The decrease in blood pressure was due to both a significant decrease of the baseline pressure and a significant decrease of the blood pressure reaction during cystometry. Nifedipine may be useful in order to prevent dangerous blood pressure reactions, e.g. during cystoscopy and other diagnostic or therapeutic procedures in spinal cord injured patients with autonomic dysreflexia. |
| Effect Of O2 At High Ambient Pressure On Blood Flow And O2 Consumption Of The Kidney Rennie, D. W. and F. G. Knox (1964), J Appl Physiol 19: 1095-9. |
| Effect of obesity and high blood pressure on plasma lipid levels in children and adolescents Boyd, G. S., J. Koenigsberg, et al. (2005), Pediatrics 116(2): 442-6. Abstract: OBJECTIVE: To examine the extent of blood lipid abnormalities in overweight children and to determine whether the prevalence of dyslipidemia is different in overweight children with elevated blood pressure (BP) compared with overweight children with normal BP (NBP). METHODS: A retrospective, case-control study on 497 patients 2 to 18 years of age at the Nemours Weight Management Clinic of duPont Hospital for Children was conducted to compare the prevalence of abnormal plasma lipid levels in overweight children with high BP with overweight children with NBP. RESULTS: Elevated BP was detected in 34.7% of the sample; 27.9% had prehypertension (pre-HTN), and 6.8% had HTN. The rates of abnormal plasma lipid levels were high among overweight children with both NBP and HTN. Significantly more boys with high BP had low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol compared with boys with NBP (49.4% vs 27.6%). Significantly more severely obese boys had low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol compared with moderately obese boys (40.3% vs 29.3%). The prevalence of elevated BP was much greater in severely obese boys and girls (46.5% and 39%) than moderately obese boys and girls (28.1% and 23.1%). CONCLUSIONS: The high prevalence of dyslipidemia found in this overweight sample supports recent recommendations to collect plasma lipid levels in not only overweight children with BP > or =90th percentile but also in all overweight children. |
| Effect of physical exercise on high blood pressure Lund-Johansen, P. (1982), Contrib Nephrol 30: 98-100. |
| Effect of post-transfusion shock on high nervous function and blood pressure in dogs. KhM, M. (1956), Zh Vyssh Nerv Deiat Im I P Pavlova 6(1): 137-45. |
| Effect of powdered fermented milk with Lactobacillus helveticus on subjects with high-normal blood pressure or mild hypertension Aihara, K., O. Kajimoto, et al. (2005), J Am Coll Nutr 24(4): 257-65. Abstract: OBJECTIVE: Two tripeptides (Val-Pro-Pro and Ile-Pro-Pro) that have inhibitory activities for angiotensin I-converting enzyme are produced in milk fermented with Lactobacillus helveticus. In this study we evaluated the effect and safety of powdered fermented milk with L. helveticus CM4 on subjects with high-normal blood pressure or mild hypertension. METHODS: A randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind study was conducted using 40 subjects with high-normal blood pressure (HN group) and 40 subjects with mild hypertension (MH group). Each subject ingested 6 test tablets (12 g) containing powdered fermented milk with L. helveticus CM4 daily for 4 weeks (test group) or the same amount of placebo tablets for 4 weeks (placebo group). RESULTS: During treatment, the decrease in systolic blood pressure (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) in the test group tended to be greater than in the placebo group for both blood pressure groups. At the end of treatment (week 4), a significant decrease in DBP in the HN group was observed (i.e. 5.0 mm Hg (0.1, 9.9; p = 0.04) compared with the placebo group). There was no significant change in SBP (3.2 mm Hg (95% CI -2.6, 8.9; p = 0.27). In the MH group, SBP decreased by 11.2 mm Hg (4.0, 18.4; p = 0.003) and there was a statistically non-significant decrease in DBP of 6.5 mm Hg (-0.1, 13.0; p = 0.055) compared with the placebo group. No marked changes were observed in other indexes, including pulse rate, body weight and blood serum variables, and no adverse effects attributed to the treatment was found in each group. CONCLUSIONS: Daily ingestion of the tablets containing powdered fermented milk with L. helveticus CM4 in subjects with high-normal blood pressure or mild hypertension reduces elevated blood pressure without any adverse effects. |
| Effect of prolonged high sodium chloride ingestion and withdrawal upon blood pressure of dogs Wilhelmj, C. M., E. B. Waldmann, et al. (1951), Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 77(3): 379-82. |
| Effect of the section of abdominal nerves and removal of the first and second lumbar sympathetic ganglions on the renal function in high blood pressure. Itsikson, I. A. (1950), Ter Arkh 22(3): 35-8. |
| Effect of therapy with oxygen under high pressure on regional cerebral blood flow in the interval form of carbon monoxide poisoning: observation from subtraction of technetium-99m HMPAO SPECT brain imaging Maeda, Y., Y. Kawasaki, et al. (1991), Eur Neurol 31(6): 380-3. Abstract: Changes in brain images with single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) using 99mTc hexamethylpropyleneamine oxime (HMPAO) before and after therapy with oxygen under high pressure (OHP) were measured in a 66-year-old man with the interval form of carbon monoxide (CO) poisoning by a new technique, i.e., subtraction of brain images. This study was performed 187 days after acute CO poisoning, in a state of chronic akinetic mutism that followed a lucid interval. A diffuse, but frontal-dominant, hypoperfusion pattern involving both the gray and white matter was observed in the pre-OHP SPECT image. After OHP, regional cerebral blood flow increased in both the gray and white matter and markedly increased in the frontal cortical regions. The present finding suggests that OHP is effective against the chronic state of the interval form of CO poisoning. |
| Effect on blood pressure or changing from high to low dose steroid preparations in women with oral contraceptive induced hypertension Weir, R. J. (1982), Scott Med J 27(3): 212-5. |
| Effect on blood volume of maintaining a high central venous pressure after major aortic valve surgery Fluck, D. C., L. Lopez Bescos, et al. (1973), Thorax 28(6): 762-7. |
| Effectiveness of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D supplementation on blood pressure reduction in a pseudohypoparathyroidism patient with high renin activity Kimura, Y., M. Kawamura, et al. (1999), Intern Med 38(1): 31-5. Abstract: A 42-year-old man had biochemical and somatic abnormalities compatible with pseudohypoparathyroidism type I (PsHP) and also had high plasma renin activity (PRA). After 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D (calcitriol) supplementation the systolic/diastolic blood pressure, assessed by 24-hour non-invasive ambulatory blood pressure monitoring, was reduced from 145/96 mm Hg to 128/85 mm Hg with normalization of the serum calcium level and its related hormones, as well as decreased PRA. Calcitriol supplementation successfully reduced the blood pressure in this patient with PsHP and a high PRA, suggesting that calcium-related hormones and/or the renin-angiotensin system were involved in lowering the blood pressure. |
| Effects of a chronic high salt intake on blood pressure and the kinetics of sodium and potassium transport in erythrocytes of young and adult subtotally nephrectomized Sprague-Dawley rats Zicha, J., J. Kronauer, et al. (1990), J Hypertens 8(3): 207-17. Abstract: Erythrocyte Na+ and K+ transport mediated by the Na(+)-K+ pump, the Na+,K+ cotransport system and cation leaks, together with blood pressure, were determined in young and adult rats subjected to either chronic salt deprivation or chronic salt loading combined with subtotal nephrectomy. The kinetics of ion transport were studied in Na+ media as a function of extracellular K+, replaced by extracellular Rb+, and intracellular Na+ varied around the physiological range. A high salt intake increased blood pressure in young but not in adult subtotally nephrectomized rats. Erythrocyte Na+ or K+ contents of salt-deprived and salt-loaded rats did not differ. There were no major changes in Na+,K+ cotransport or cation leaks in salt-loaded rats. Chronic salt loading caused some alterations in the kinetics of the Na(+)-K+ pump, which were greater in young than in adult rats. The most pronounced change was a decreased affinity of the Na(+)-K+ pump for intracellular Na+, which was partially balanced by an increased maximal velocity. At physiological (in vivo) ion concentrations these kinetic alterations caused a slight reduction in total ouabain-sensitive Rb+ uptake partly due to a decrease in intracellular K+:extracellular Rb+ (1:1) exchange but no changes in Na+ net extrusion in salt-loaded rats. The erythrocyte Na+ and K+ transport systems showed no changes in intrinsic properties that would favour the development or maintenance of salt hypertension in young over adult rats if similar alterations occurred in tissues relevant for blood pressure control. |
| Effects of a high K+/low Na+ diet on blood pressure in young spontaneously hypertensive rats Sugden, A. L., J. A. Straw, et al. (1987), Clin Sci (Lond) 72(3): 313-9. Abstract: Blood pressure was measured after treatment with a high K+, a low Na+ and a combined high K+/low Na+ diet in young spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR). A high K+ diet reduced blood pressure by approximately 10 mmHg during the development of hypertension. This decrease was accompanied by a significant increase in water intake and urine volume and a significant decrease in plasma renin activity (PRA). A low Na+ diet also decreased blood pressure significantly, but, in contrast to the high K+ diet, water intake and urine volume significantly decreased and PRA increased. When both diets were given together, the antihypertensive effects of both were eliminated. Thus while an increase in dietary K+ and a decrease in dietary Na+ are both effective antihypertensive regimens in SHR, the mechanism of action of each appears to be different and may be antagonistic in these animals. |
| Effects of age and high blood pressure on intelligence Elias, M. F. (1991), Exp Aging Res 17(2): 96. |
| Effects of altered body fluid balance and high blood pressure on the plasma brain natriuretic peptide in rats Kim, S. W., J. U. Lee, et al. (1997), J Korean Med Sci 12(2): 117-22. Abstract: The present study was aimed to investigate the regulatory mechanisms of BNP release. Effects of acute and chronic perturbations in body fluid balance, changes in BP, and regulatory roles of NO and endothelin systems on BNP release were examined in rats. Although acute extracellular volume expansion did not have significant effects on plasma BNP, prolonged high-salt intake increased plasma BNP levels. Plasma BNP levels were also higher in 2K1C rats compared with the control. Although infusion of L-NAME increased the plasma BNP in control, it did not further affect the plasma BNP in rats with high-salt intake. Although L-arginine (20 mg.kg-1 per min) per se did not have significant effects on plasma BNP, it blocked the stimulatory effect of L-NAME (200 micrograms.kg-1 per min). Plasma BNP was severalfold increased following a single injection of endothelin (0.3 micrograms/kg) in normal and high-salt intake groups, the magnitude of which was not significantly affected by the high-salt intake. Although indomethacin did not have significant effects on plasma BNP in normal rats, it blocked the stimulatory effect of 2K1C hypertension. It is concluded that BNP is regulated by chronic changes in body fluid balance and blood pressure. It is also suggested that endothelin and NO systems may directly regulate the secretion of BNP in vivo. An endogenous prostaglandin synthesis may be involved in the stimulated release of BNP in hypertension. |
| Effects of benazepril and hydrochlorothiazide, given alone and in low- and high-dose combinations, on blood pressure in patients with hypertension Chrysant, S. G., T. Fagan, et al. (1996), Arch Fam Med 5(1): 17-24; discussion 25. Abstract: OBJECTIVE: To assess the efficacy and safety of several combinations of benazepril, an angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor, and hydrochlorothiazide, as compared with placebo, in the treatment of patients with essential hypertension. DESIGN: A 6-week, randomized, double-blind, parallel study conducted at 24 centers. A placebo run-in period of 1 to 4 weeks preceded the double-blind phase. PARTICIPANTS AND SETTING: Male and female outpatients, aged 18 years and older, were eligible to participate if their sitting diastolic blood pressure was between 95 and 114 mm Hg at the last two consecutive visits during the placebo phase. Among the 334 patients who entered the double-blind phase, 17% were aged 65 years or older and 26% were black. Eleven patients withdrew because of adverse experiences, including two patients receiving placebo. INTERVENTIONS: Patients received placebo; benazepril, 20 mg; hydrochlorothiazide, 25 mg; or combination therapy with benazepril/hydrochlorothiazide, 5/6.25 mg, 10/12.5 mg, 20/25 mg, 20/6.25 mg, or 5/25 mg, once daily for 6 weeks. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The mean change from baseline in sitting diastolic blood pressure at end point (last postrandomization measurement carried forward) in the double-blind phase. Combination therapy with benazepril/hydrochlorothiazide, 20/25 mg, was compared with benazepril, 20 mg alone, and hydrochlorothiazide, 25 mg alone. Sitting systolic blood pressure and the effect of race and age on treatment efficacy were also evaluated. RESULTS: Compared with placebo, all benazepril/hydrochlorothiazide combinations produced statistically significant reductions from baseline in sitting diastolic and systolic blood pressures at study end point. In the benazepril/hydrochlorothiazide, 20/25 mg, group, the adjusted mean changes in sitting diastolic blood pressure at end point were statistically significantly greater than those in the monotherapy treatment groups (benazepril, 20 mg, P < or =.05; hydrochlorothiazide, 25 mg, P < or =.001) alone. All therapies were generally well tolerated. Decreases in mean serum potassium level with hydrochlorothiazide monotherapy were reduced or eliminated with combination therapy. CONCLUSION: Benazepril in combination with hydrochlorothiazide, including a low-dose combination of 5/6.25 mg, is effective in reducing sitting diastolic and systolic blood pressure in patients with hypertension. |
| Effects of beta-blocker (propranolol) on the blood pressure and eye-ground of spontaneously hypertensive rat fed with high-salt diet proceedings Ueda, H., H. Takahashi, et al. (1977), Jpn Heart J 18(4): 517-8. |
| Effects of clonidine on blood pressure, noradrenaline, cortisol, growth hormone, and prolactin plasma levels in high and low intestinal tone depressed patients Lechin, F., B. van der Dijs, et al. (1985), Neuroendocrinology 41(2): 156-62. Abstract: Systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), norepinephrine (NE) plasma levels, cortisol (CRT), growth hormone (GH), and prolactin (PRL) plasma levels were investigated in 26 high intestinal tone (high-IT) and 24 low intestinal tone (low-IT) depressed patients, before and after the intramuscular injection of clonidine (2.5 micrograms/kg). A positive correlation was found between NE, DBP, and Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HRS) values in low-IT depressed patients, while a negative correlation was found between HRS/IT and NE in high-IT depressed patients. Although clonidine induced significant reduction of SBP in both groups, the drug reduced DBP and NE in the low-IT group, only. CRT mean level was greater in the high-IT than in the low-IT depressed group. However, clonidine was unable to induce changes in CRT, GH, and PRL mean levels in any depressed group. Our results suggest that the clonidine-induced DBP reduction is a reliable index of sympathetic activity in depressed patients and that both parameters (DBP and IT) are useful physiological markers to differentiate two types of depressive syndromes. |
| Effects of clonidine on blood pressure, noradrenaline, cortisol, growth hormone, and prolactin plasma levels in high and low intestinal tone subjects Lechin, F., B. van der Dijs, et al. (1985), Neuroendocrinology 40(3): 253-61. Abstract: Systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), norepinephrine (NE), cortisol (CRT), growth hormone (GH), and prolactin (PRL) plasma levels were investigated in 46 normal subjects, 28 high intestinal tone (high IT) and 18 low intestinal tone (low IT), before and after the administration of a single intramuscular dose of clonidine (2.5 micrograms/kg). High IT subjects had lower mean values of DBP than low IT subjects, and basal NE was significantly greater in low IT than in high IT subjects. A negative correlation between NE and IT values was found for the high IT, but not for the low IT group, during the preclonidine periods. The drug reduced SBP in high IT, whereas it reduced SBP plus DBP and NE in low IT subjects. Clonidine induced significant reductions of CRT and increases of GH in both groups; furthermore, a slight but significant reduction of PRL was registered in high IT group. The drug also induced increase of distal colon tone in high IT subjects and suppressed phasic activity (waves) in low IT subjects. While a significant positive correlation was found between NE and DBP in low IT subjects during postclonidine periods, no correlation was found between the two parameters in high IT subjects. Other significant positive (+) and negative (-) correlations during postclonidine periods were: CRT/GH (-), CRT/PRL (+), and GH/PRL (-) in high IT subjects; NE/CRT (+), NE/GH (-), CRT/GH (-), CRT/DBP (+), and GH/DBP (-) in low IT subjects. Finally, significant negative correlation was found between NE and distal colon tone during postclonidine periods in high IT subjects.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) |
| Effects of electroacupuncture of "zusanli" acupoint on high blood pressure and blood hyperviscosity in stress rats Jin, Y. X., Q. Fu, et al. (1992), J Tongji Med Univ 12(4): 209-15. Abstract: Elevation of blood pressure (BP) and blood viscosity (BV) was induced in unanesthetized Wistar rats by fixing and hanging. Electroacupuncture of "Zusanli" acupoint or microinjection of GABA (60 micrograms/10 microliters) into the IV ventricle of the brain could lower the high BP and BV induced by fixed-hanging, which could be blocked by a microinjection of GABAA receptor antagonist bicuculline (60 micrograms/10 microliters). The results showed that the depressant effect of electroacupuncture of "Zusanli" acupoint on high BP and blood hyperviscosity induced by fixed-hanging might be mediated by the activation of GABAA receptors in the brain. |
| Effects of exercise and weight loss on mental stress-induced cardiovascular responses in individuals with high blood pressure Georgiades, A., A. Sherwood, et al. (2000), Hypertension 36(2): 171-6. Abstract: The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of exercise and weight loss on cardiovascular responses during mental stress in mildly to moderately overweight patients with elevated blood pressure. Ninety-nine men and women with high normal or unmedicated stage 1 to stage 2 hypertension (systolic blood pressure 130 to 179 mm Hg, diastolic blood pressure 85 to 109 mm Hg) underwent a battery of mental stress tests, including simulated public speaking, anger recall interview, mirror trace, and cold pressor, before and after a 6-month treatment program. Subjects were randomly assigned to 1 of 3 treatments: (1) aerobic exercise, (2) weight management combining aerobic exercise with a behavioral weight loss program, or (3) waiting list control group. After 6 months, compared with control subjects, participants in both active treatment groups had lower levels of systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, total peripheral resistance, and heart rate at rest and during mental stress. Compared with subjects in the control group, subjects in the exercise and weight management groups also had greater resting stroke volume and cardiac output. Diastolic blood pressure was lower for the weight management group than for the exercise-only group during all mental stress tasks. These results demonstrate that exercise, particularly when combined with a weight loss program, can lower both resting and stress-induced blood pressure levels and produce a favorable hemodynamic pattern resembling that targeted for antihypertensive therapy. |
| Effects of exercise, diet and weight loss on high blood pressure Bacon, S. L., A. Sherwood, et al. (2004), Sports Med 34(5): 307-16. Abstract: High blood pressure (BP) is a major health problem in the US, affecting more than 50 million people. Although high BP is among the most common reasons for outpatient visits, BP control is often inadequate. It is well established that BP can be lowered pharmacologically in hypertensive individuals; however, anti-hypertensive medications are not effective for everyone, and may be costly and result in adverse effects that impair quality of life and reduce adherence. Moreover, abnormalities associated with high BP, such as insulin resistance and hyperlipidaemia, may persist or may even be exacerbated by some anti-hypertensive medications. Consequently, there has been a great deal of interest in the development and application of behavioural interventions in the management of high BP.The main behavioural interventions that are recommended to reduce BP are exercise and the Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) diet. Weight loss is also recommended for BP reduction in overweight individuals. Exercise alone is associated with reductions of approximately 3.5 and 2.0mm Hg in systolic (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP), respectively. Patients fed a DASH diet (a diet high in low-fat dairy products and fibre, including fruits and vegetables) had reductions in SBP and DBP of 5.5 and 3.0mm Hg, respectively, compared with those consuming a standard US diet. Reductions of approximately 8.5mm Hg SBP and 6.5mm Hg DBP accompany weight loss of 8 kg. In overweight hypertensive patients, a combined exercise and weight-loss intervention has been shown to decrease SBP and DBP by 12.5 and 7.9 mm Hg, respectively.There is evidence to suggest that these decreases in BP are associated with improvements in left ventricular structure and function, and peripheral vascular health. Both exercise training and weight loss have been shown to decrease left ventricular mass and wall thickness, reduce arterial stiffness and improve endothelial function. These data support the role of behavioural interventions in the treatment of patients with elevations in BP. |
| Effects of guava intake on serum total and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels and on systemic blood pressure Singh, R. B., S. S. Rastogi, et al. (1992), Am J Cardiol 70(15): 1287-91. Abstract: There is evidence that inclusion of high fiber foods such as oats, fruits and vegetables in the diet can decrease fat intake and modulate blood lipids. To test this hypothesis, 61 group A and 59 group B patients with essential hypertension were administered guava fruit preferably before meals in a foods-to-eat approach rather than foods-to-restrict, in a randomized and single-blind fashion for 12 weeks. At entry into the study, mean age, male sex, mean body mass index, percentages of risk factors and mean levels of blood lipids were comparable between groups A and B. Adherence to guava consumption was assessed by questionnaires and weighing of guava intake by 24-hour recall after 12 weeks of follow-up. Nutrient intakes including saturated and total fat were significantly decreased; carbohydrates, total and soluble fiber and vitamins and mineral intakes were significantly higher in group A than in group B at 12 weeks. There was a significant net decrease in serum total cholesterol (9.9%), triglycerides (7.7%) and blood pressures (9.0/8.0 mm Hg) with a significant net increase in high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (8.0%) after 12 weeks of guava fruit substitution in group A than in group B. By adding moderate amounts of guava fruit in the usual diet, changes in dietary fatty acids and carbohydrates may occur, providing significant amounts of soluble dietary fiber and antioxidant vitamins and minerals without any adverse effects. There is a greater decrease in lipoprotein metabolism and blood pressures. |
| Effects of high alcohol intake on blood pressure, adrenergic activity, and the renin-angiotensin system Ibsen, H., N. J. Christensen, et al. (1985), Scand J Clin Lab Invest Suppl 176: 87-91. |
| Effects of high- and low-isoflavone soyfoods on blood lipids, oxidized LDL, homocysteine, and blood pressure in hyperlipidemic men and women Jenkins, D. J., C. W. Kendall, et al. (2002), Am J Clin Nutr 76(2): 365-72. Abstract: BACKGROUND: Many of the benefits of soy have been attributed to soy isoflavones. OBJECTIVE: The objective was to determine the effects of high- and low-isoflavone soy-protein foods on both lipid and nonlipid risk factors for coronary artery disease (CAD). METHODS: Forty-one hyperlipidemic men and postmenopausal women participated in a study with three 1-mo diets: a low-fat dairy food control diet and high- (50 g soy protein and 73 mg isoflavones daily) and low- (52 g soy protein and 10 mg isoflavones daily) isoflavone soyfood diets. All 3 diets were very low in saturated fat (< 5% of energy) and cholesterol (< 50 mg/d). Fasting blood samples were drawn and blood pressure was measured at the start and end of each diet. RESULTS: No significant differences were seen between the high- and low-isoflavone soy diets. Compared with the control diet, however, both soy diets resulted in significantly lower total cholesterol, estimated CAD risk, and ratios of total to HDL cholesterol, LDL to HDL cholesterol, and apolipoprotein B to A-I. No significant sex differences were observed, except for systolic blood pressure, which in men was significantly lower after the soy diets than after the control diet. On the basis of blood lipid and blood pressure changes, the calculated CAD risk was significantly lower with the soy diets, by 10.1 +/- 2.7%. CONCLUSION: Substitution of soyfoods for animal products, regardless of isoflavone concentration, reduces the CAD risk because of both modest reductions in blood lipids and reductions in oxidized LDL, homocysteine, and blood pressure. |
| Effects of high atmospheric pressure and oxygen on middle cerebral blood flow velocity in humans measured by transcranial Doppler Omae, T., S. Ibayashi, et al. (1998), Stroke 29(1): 94-7. Abstract: BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: There are several reports that have studied the effects of hyperbaric oxygen (HBO) on cerebral blood flow (CBF). However, most of the reports have been of animal experiments, and human studies are few so far. The aim of this study is to clarify the relationship between HBO and CBF in humans. METHODS: Middle cerebral arterial blood flow velocity (MCV) was measured using transcranial Doppler (TCD) technique in a multiplace hyperbaric chamber. The Doppler probe was fixed on the temporal region by a head belt, and the transcutaneous gas measurement apparatus (tcPO2 and tcPCO2) was fixed on the chest wall. MCV and transcutaneous gas were measured continuously in eight healthy volunteers under four various conditions: 1 atmosphere absolute (ATA) air, 1 ATA oxygen (O2), 2 ATA air, and 2 ATA O2. On the next step, the effect of environmental pressure was studied in another eight healthy volunteers, in whom the tcPO2 was kept at almost the same level under conditions of both 1 ATA and 4 ATA by inhaling oxygen at 1 ATA. RESULTS: MCV of 1 ATA O2, 2 ATA air, and 2 ATA O2 decreased, and tcPO2 increased significantly in comparison with that of 1 ATA air. A significant difference in MCV was observed between the O2 group and the air group under the same pressure circumstance. On the other hand, there were no differences in MCV or tcPO2 between 4 ATA air and 1 ATA plus O2, and the influence for the MCV of the environmental pressure was not observed. CONCLUSIONS: We conclude that hyperoxemia caused by HBO reduces the CBF, but the high atmospheric pressure per se does not influence the CBF in humans. |
| Effects of high calcium intake on blood pressure and calcium metabolism in young SHR Stern, N., D. B. Lee, et al. (1984), Hypertension 6(5): 639-46. Abstract: Increased dietary calcium intake in the adult spontaneously hypertensive rat (SHR) has been reported to correct low serum ionized calcium concentration (Ca++) and to result in a significant amelioration of the prevailing hypertension. In the present study we examined several parameters of calcium metabolism in young (6-week-old) SHR and compared them with those observed in normotensive Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) rats fed equal amounts of a diet containing normal quantities of calcium (0.4%, wt/wt) for 4 weeks. A separate group of SHR was placed on an equal amount of a high calcium (2.8%, wt/wt) but otherwise identical diet. In SHR and WKY eating a normal calcium diet, serum total calcium concentration was not different, but Ca++ was lower in SHR (1.58 +/- 0.06 vs 1.91 +/- 0.07 mmol/liter, p less than 0.01). Serum immunoreactive parathyroid hormone (PTH) was increased in some, but not all, SHR. No difference was noted between the two groups in the following parameters: calcium intake, serum 1,25 dihydroxycholecalciferol (1,25(OH)2D3), urinary calcium excretion, fractional stool calcium content (stool calcium/calcium intake X 100), and in vitro 45Ca uptake by everted gut sacs constructed from segments of duodenum, mid-jejunum, ileum, and proximal colon. A high calcium diet corrected the abnormal serum Ca++ and PTH but did not alter the progression or severity of the hypertension in SHR. A lower net weight gain was observed in SHR on a high calcium diet when compared to SHR eating normal calcium diet (9.1 +/- 1.8 vs 27.0 +/- 2.0 g).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) |
| Effects of high carbohy drate or protein diets on blood pressure of normotensive and hypertensive dogs Wilhelmj, C. M., V. W. Meyers, et al. (1958), Circ Res 6(1): 129-32. |
| Effects of high potassium or low sodium diet on vascular Na+,K+-ATPase activity and blood pressure in young spontaneously hypertensive rats Sugden, A. L., B. L. Bean, et al. (1987), Hypertension 9(6): 571-5. Abstract: These studies were designed to investigate whether the antihypertensive effects of high potassium or low sodium diets are related to changes in vascular Na+,K+-adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase) activity. Vascular Na+,K+-ATPase was measured as ouabain-sensitive rubidium uptake in aorta incubated in buffer or plasma from spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) fed either a high potassium, a low sodium, or a normal diet for 2 weeks. The high potassium diet significantly increased Na+,K+-ATPase activity, whereas the low sodium diet significantly decreased activity. There was no evidence of a ouabainlike factor in plasma. The increased pump activity on the high potassium diet appeared to be due to an increase in maximum activity (Vmax) of the enzyme, rather than to an increased affinity for potassium. Potentially, an increase in Na+,K+-ATPase activity could contribute to the antihypertensive effect of potassium by hyperpolarizing the cell membrane. The decrease in vascular Na+,K+-ATPase activity on a low sodium diet probably is unrelated to its depressor effect, but it may be a homeostatic mechanism for maintaining sodium balance in the animal. |
| Effects of high salt diet on blood pressure, renal morphology and osteopontin expression in Sprague-Dawley rat with Ang II-induced renal injury Zheng, Y., Z. Q. Liu, et al. (2005), Di Yi Jun Yi Da Xue Xue Bao 25(7): 827-32. Abstract: OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effect of high-salt diet on blood pressure, renal morphology and osteopontin (OPN) expression in Sprague-Dawley rat with Ang II-induced renal injury. METHODS: Thirty-six male SD rats aged 12 weeks receiving normal salt diet were rolled in the study, and received Ang II (100 ng.kg-1.min-1) for two weeks using subcutaneous minipump. Rats were then fed high sodium (n=18, 4% NaCl) or normal sodium (n=18, 0.6% NaCl) diet from third week respectively and lasted for 12 weeks. Eighteen rats in the control were sham-operated and fed normal sodium diet. Tail systolic blood pressure (SBP) was determined every two weeks. Expressions of TGF-beta1 OPN mRNA and its protein in SD rat kidney were measured with quantitative RT-PCR and immunohistochemistry respectively at the end of Ang II infusion and at the end of the experiment. Renal ultrastructure was observed by electronmicroscopy. RESULTS: SBP of the rats received Ang II increased significantly compared with controls (P?0.05). SBP returned to normal after Ang II infusion stopped. No significant difference existed in blood pressure between rats fed high salt diet and normal salt diet in the period of 12 weeks (P<0.05). Expressions of TGF-beta1, OPN mRNA and its protein in the kidney of the rats fed with high salt diet were up-regulated at the end of Ang II infusion (P>0.05) and at the end of the 12th week compared with the rats fed normal salt diet and controls (P<0.01). The kidney was damaged by Ang II, which was further aggravated by the infusion of high salt diet. CONCLUSIONS: High salt diet could aggravate the renal injury of the rats with Ang II-induced renal injury that may be independent of blood pressure change. Expressions of the TGF-beta1, OPN mRNA and its protein were up-regulated after renal injury. |
| Effects of high sugar diets on renal fluid, electrolyte and mineral handling in rats: relationship to blood pressure Preuss, H. G., S. Memon, et al. (1994), J Am Coll Nutr 13(1): 73-82. Abstract: OBJECTIVE: We examined whether sugar-induced systolic blood pressure (SBP) elevations in rats may develop, in part, through a mechanism common to salt-induced hypertension, i.e., renal retention of water and salt. DESIGN: Spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) ate four diets: two high (> 50% of calories) and two low (< 12% of calories) in sugar (sucrose). SBP, various urinary parameters, and the renal angiotensin and prostaglandin systems were assessed. RESULTS: SHR consuming diets high in sugar showed significantly decreased urinary volume and excretion of electrolytes, which coincided with increasing SBP. When low sugar diets replaced high sugar diets, SBP and urinary parameters rapidly returned to baseline. SHR received captopril while consuming high sugar diets, and both SBP and urinary parameters assumed baseline values, comparable to ones seen in SHR consuming low sugar diets. A direct angiotensin II receptor antagonist (DuPont 753) did not influence SBP. However, we found decreased PGE2 excretion in SHR consuming excess sugar. CONCLUSIONS: Salt and water retention occur early during sugar-induced hypertension due to reduced renal excretion, consistent with some part in the pathogenesis. The effects of high sugar diets on SBP were not due to angiotensin II inhibition, however, decreased availability of vasodilatory prostaglandins may play a role in the renal events and sugar-induced hypertension in SHR. |
| Effects of high-calcium and/or high-sodium diet on basal and angiotensin II-stimulated blood pressure in the spontaneously hypertensive rat Lau, K., D. Thomas, et al. (1986), J Hypertens Suppl 4(5): S126-8. Abstract: Direct conscious blood pressure (BP) was measured via indwelling femoral cannula to evaluate the effects of chronic diet supplements with Na, Ca or both, offered to 3-week-old weanling spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR). Despite similar food intakes, body weights were reduced within 1-2 weeks on high-Ca diets. Blood pressure was unchanged by 5.5 weeks of diet treatments. However, irrespective of concomitant Na supplement, more prolonged treatment with the high-Ca diet completely abolished the further increase in BP between the 9th and 12th weeks of age, which was noted in the rats fed the normal or high-Na diets. Angiotensin-stimulated BP was attenuated by high-Ca diets regardless of diet Na, similar to basal readings. These weight and pressure effects of Ca were not reproduced by high-Na diet alone. For all four groups, BP was directly and significantly correlated with body weight, both at 9 and 12 weeks of age. These studies demonstrate the potential role of growth retardation in the antihypertensive action of oral Ca loading in young rats. |
| Effects of high-calorie diet on blood pressure and sodium retention in spontaneously hypertensive rats and normotensive Wistar-Kyoto rats Sato, T., Y. Nara, et al. (1995), J Diabetes Complications 9(4): 220-3. Abstract: Previous reports from our laboratory have documented that spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) have insulin resistance and that insulin resistance is enhanced by high-caloric diet (HCD) feeding. The aim of this study was to elucidate the effect of HCD on blood pressure and sodium retention in both SHR and normotensive Wistar-Kyoto rats (WKY). SHR and WKY were divided into two groups. One group of rats was fed normal diet (ND). The other rats were fed HCD. After the 8-week feeding period, insulin suppression tests were performed. The animals were individually housed in metabolic cages for the last 2 days of the experiment. Food consumption was recorded for 24 h, and a 24-h urine was collected to calculate the sodium excretory ratio. In both strains, body weight was significantly increased by HCD feeding. Blood pressure was significantly elevated in SHR by HCD feeding, whereas that of WKY was not affected by HCD feeding. In both strains, steady-state plasma glucose (SSPG) during the insulin suppression test was higher in the HCD group than in the ND group. SSPG was consistently higher in SHR than in WKY treated with HCD. Urinary sodium excretion ratio was significantly decreased in SHR by HCD, and plasma potassium concentrations were significantly lower in SHR with HCD than in SHR with ND, whereas those of WKY were not affected by HCD feeding. SHR are more sensitive to the induction of insulin resistance than WKY, resulting in sodium retention and elevation of blood pressure. |