| For medical practitioners and the general public - High Blood Pressure Journal Article Catalog. |
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| Proceedings of the council for high blood pressure research, 1999 DiPette, D. J. (2000), Hypertension 35(1 Pt 2): 149. |
| Proceedings: Blood pressure and vascular lesions in SHR fed on a high-fat-cholesterol diet: a preliminary report Yamori, Y., M. Sato, et al. (1976), Jpn Heart J 17(3): 390-2. |
| Proceedings: Effects of beta-blocker (propranolol) on the blood pressure, heart weight and heart rate of spontaneously hypertensive rat fed with high-salt, high-carbohydrate, and low-protein diet Ueda, H., A. Sakamoto, et al. (1975), Jpn Heart J 16(3): 340-1. |
| Proceedings: Pulmonary volume, ventilation and blood gas pressure in high-altitude residents transferred to low altitude Coudert, J., M. Paz-Zamora, et al. (1973), J Physiol (Paris) 67(3): 336A. |
| Professional collaboration in high blood pressure control Hill, M. N. (1987), Bibl Cardiol(42): 1-7. |
| Progestogen-only pills and high blood pressure: is there an association? A literature review Hussain, S. F. (2004), Contraception 69(2): 89-97. Abstract: The progestogen-only pill (POP) is a contraceptive option for women who have high blood pressure either induced by use of combined oral pills or due to other causes; as long as it is well controlled and monitored. Combined oral contraception (COC) and Depo-Provera have been implicated in increased cardiovascular risk following use. High blood pressure has been theorized to be the critical path that leads to this increased risk. POP is the recommended method for women who are at risk of coronary heart disease due to presence of risk factors like hypertension. In order to offer POP as a safe, alternative contraception to women who develop hypertension on COCs or those who are at increased cardiovascular risk, it is important to take into account evidence of no association of high blood pressure with POP use. A search of published medical literature (PUBMED and Cochrane database) was undertaken with this objective. A total of four articles were selected for final review after application of inclusion and exclusion criteria. Three of these were prospective control trials and one a cross-sectional survey. There was no randomized study to answer this question. The results of these studies consistently reported no significant association of high blood pressure with use of POPs for up to 2-3 years of follow-up. |
| Prognosis in interventions for lesions of the renal arteries in high blood pressure Milliez, P., P. Tcherdakoff, et al. (1966), Sem Ther 42(3): 147-9. |
| Prognostic significance of the nocturnal decline in blood pressure in individuals with and without high 24-h blood pressure: the Ohasama study Ohkubo, T., A. Hozawa, et al. (2002), J Hypertens 20(11): 2183-9. Abstract: OBJECTIVE: To examine the relationship between the normal nocturnal decline in blood pressure and the risk of cardiovascular mortality in individuals with and without high 24-h blood pressure values. METHODS: We obtained 24-h ambulatory blood pressure readings from 1542 residents of Ohasama, Japan, who were aged 40 years or more and were representative of the Japanese general population. We then followed up their survival for a mean of 9.2 years. The relationship was analysed using a Cox proportional hazards model adjusted for possible confounding factors. RESULTS: There was a linear relationship between the nocturnal decline in blood pressure and cardiovascular mortality. On average, each 5% decrease in the decline in nocturnal systolic/diastolic blood pressure was associated with an approximately 20% greater risk of cardiovascular mortality. There were no significant interactions for the risk between 24-h systolic/diastolic blood pressure values and continuous values for the nocturnal decline in blood pressure (for interaction 0.6). Even when 24-h blood pressure values were within the normal range (135/80 mmHg, average 118/69 mmHg), diminished nocturnal decreases in systolic/diastolic blood pressure were associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular mortality. CONCLUSIONS: This is the first study to demonstrate that a diminished nocturnal decline in blood pressure is a risk factor for cardiovascular mortality, independent of the overall blood pressure load during a 24-h period, in the general population. |
| Progress in life-style intervention for prevention and treatment of high blood pressure Cutler, J. A. (1995), Ann Epidemiol 5(2): 165-7. |
| Prolonged exposure to industrial noise causes hearing loss but not high blood pressure: a study of 2124 factory laborers in Japan Hirai, A., M. Takata, et al. (1991), J Hypertens 9(11): 1069-73. Abstract: To determine the role of noise exposure in the etiology of hypertension, a cross-sectional study was performed by measuring the blood pressure of 2124 male laborers working in a noisy factory. The prevalence of hypertension was 10.2% in group I (85-115 dB), 10.9% in group II (less than 85 dB) and 12.5% in group III (office workers). There was no difference in systolic or diastolic blood pressure among the three groups. There were 358, 439 and 71 laborers in groups I, II and III, respectively, all having worked in the same noise area for more than 10 years. Blood pressure was lower 10 years previously in each group, but the degree of increment did not significantly differ among the three groups. The prevalence of hearing loss was 16.5% in group I, which was significantly higher than that in group II (7.5%) and group III (2.8%). Blood pressure of laborers with hearing loss was equal to that of laborers with intact hearing acuity. There was no significant relationship between hearing loss and the prevalence of hypertension. Thus, prolonged exposure to industrial noise contributes to hearing loss. However, elevation of blood pressure was not found in laborers working in a noisy factory. This finding was not consistant with previously reported findings in the rat. An adaptability to prolonged noise in man may account for this discrepancy. |
| Prolonged reduction of high blood pressure with an in vivo, nonpathogenic, adeno-associated viral vector delivery of AT1-R mRNA antisense Phillips, M. I., D. Mohuczy-Dominiak, et al. (1997), Hypertension 29(1 Pt 2): 374-80. Abstract: To produce a prolonged decrease in blood pressure, we have developed a nonpathogenic adeno-associated viral vector (AAV) with the antisense DNA for AT1-R. AAV has many advantages over other viral vectors. AAV does not stimulate inflammation or immune reaction. AAV enters nondividing cells and does not replicate. Therefore, it is an appropriate choice for gene therapy. Recombinant AAV was prepared with a cassette containing a cytomegalovirus promoter and the cDNA for the AT1 receptor inserted in the antisense direction. The cassette was packaged in the virion. Stable transfection of NG108-15 cells with the PAAV-AS (plasmid AAV) antisense to AT1-R produced a significant reduction in AT1 receptors. A single injection of the rAAV-AS (viral vector) was made in adult spontaneously hypertensive rats, either directly in the hypothalamus (1 microL) or in the lateral ventricles (5 microL). The result shows that there is a significant decrease of blood pressure (approximately 23 +/- 2 mm Hg) for up to 9 weeks after injection. Control injections of mock vector produced no change in blood pressure during the same time period in age-matched controls. In young spontaneously hypertensive rats (3 weeks), a single intracardiac injection of recombinant rAAV-AS reduced blood pressure and slowed the development of hypertension compared with controls (P <.01). The results suggest that a prolonged reduction in high blood pressure can be achieved with AAV vectors delivering antisense to inhibit AT1 receptors with a single administration. |
| Prolonged reduction of high blood pressure with human nitric oxide synthase gene delivery Lin, K. F., L. Chao, et al. (1997), Hypertension 30(3 Pt 1): 307-13. Abstract: Endothelium-derived nitric oxide (NO) in peripheral vessels has been shown to modulate vascular resistance and blood pressure. We explored the effect of a continuous supply of human endothelial NO synthase (eNOS) on the blood pressure of spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) by somatic gene delivery. A DNA construct containing the human eNOS gene fused to the cytomegalovirus promoter/enhancer was injected into SHR through the tail vein. A single injection of the naked eNOS plasmid DNA caused a significant reduction of systemic blood pressure for 5 to 6 weeks in SHR, and the effect continued for up to 10 to 12 weeks after a second injection. The differences were significant from 2 to 12 weeks postinjections (n=6, P<.01). In a separate experiment, L-arginine, the substrate of eNOS, was supplied in drinking water at a concentration of 7.5 g/L for 11 weeks after eNOS gene delivery. A maximal blood pressure reduction of 21 mm Hg in SHR was observed with eNOS DNA compared with that of control SHR injected with vector DNA (181.9+/-1.46 versus 202.7+/-2.79 mm Hg, mean+/-SEM, n=6, P<.01). Human eNOS gene delivery induces significant increases in urinary and aortic cGMP levels and urinary and serum nitrite/nitrate content (P<.05), while no significant differences in body weight, heart rate, water intake, food consumption, or urine excretion were observed. These results indicate that somatic delivery of the human eNOS gene induces a prolonged reduction of high blood pressure and raises the potential of using eNOS gene therapy for hypertension and cardiovascular diseases. |
| Prostaglandins and high blood pressure Hornych, A. (1978), Contrib Nephrol 12: 54-68. Abstract: Prostaglandins A1, B1, E2, Falpha and PRA have been measured by radioimmunoassay in peripheral or renal venous blood of different groups of hypertensive and control subjects. PGA1 and PGE2 were significantly increased in renal, renovascular, labile and essential hypertension. PGFalpha was significantly increased only in patients with unilateral renal atrophy and in some patients with renovascular and essential hypertension. There was a significant positive correlation between PRA and PGA1 or B1, but not with PGE2 or Falpha. The increase of PGA and PGE represents a secondary antihypertensive, diuretic and natriuretic mechanism, the increase of PGF a direct hypertensive mechanism. |
| Protective effect of high diastolic blood pressure during exercise against exercise-induced myocardial ischemia Yamagishi, H., M. Yoshiyama, et al. (2005), Am Heart J 150(4): 790-5. Abstract: BACKGROUND: Hypertension is one of the risk factors for coronary artery disease. However, because most coronary blood flow to the left ventricle occurs during diastole, high diastolic blood pressure during exercise may have a protective effect against exercise-induced myocardial ischemia. The aim of the present study was to test this hypothesis. METHODS AND RESULTS: We identified 469 patients with sinus rhythm and known or suspected coronary artery disease who underwent exercise thallium-201 myocardial single-photon emission computed tomography and coronary arteriography. High diastolic blood pressure during exercise was defined as diastolic blood pressure at peak exercise > or = 90 mm Hg. There was no significant difference in medications, number of diseased vessels, or Gensini score between patients with high (n = 228) and normal (n = 241) diastolic blood pressure during exercise, whereas patients with high diastolic blood pressure during exercise exhibited a higher pressure-rate product during exercise than patients with normal diastolic blood pressure during exercise. The reversibility score on thallium-201 myocardial scan was significantly smaller in patients with high diastolic blood pressure during exercise than in patients with normal diastolic blood pressure during exercise (P =.021). CONCLUSIONS: High diastolic blood pressure during exercise has a potential protective effect against exercise-induced ischemia, although the mechanism of such effects remains to be determined. |
| Protective effects in ambulatory blood pressure and centralized injuries in hydrocephalic Dahl rats on high and low NaCl diets Lee, J. Y. (2003), Am J Hypertens 16(4): 307-11. Abstract: Our previous studies in hydrocephalic Dahl rats indicated that the NaCl signal is perceived in the structures around the third brain ventricle. In the present study, we assessed 24-h ambulatory blood pressures (ABPs), weight (WT) gains, and the kidney and brain injuries in induced hydrocephalic and control group Dahl S rats on 0.3% and 6% NaCl diets. Constant WT gains were observed among low NaCl fed and high NaCl fed aqueduct blocked groups, whereas high NaCl-fed sham group rats were losing WT and dying off after 8 weeks. A circadian BP curve in the high NaCl sham group was very distinct from that in the other three groups with markedly increased peak pressure during the light cycle with very high amplitude as compared with all the other three groups (both P <.0001). There was not only a very unstable fluctuating curve present, but a day-night rhythm shift was also prominent in the high NaCl sham group.In a kidney cross-section, 54 rats on a 0.3% low NaCl diet for 14 weeks averaged 156 glomeruli. A total of 34 high NaCl fed, aqueduct blocked rats averaged 141 glomeruli, whereas 23 sham blocked rats averaged 102 glomeruli (-28%, P <.0001). A brain cross-section showed many small lacunae in high NaCl-fed sham rats as compared with the truly blocked rats (193 +/- 14 v 77 +/- 10 lacunae, a 2.5-fold reduction, P <.0001).The changes in the blocked group may be due to volume and electrolyte rebalance with reduced pressures in the brain volume-controlling center. |
| Protracted high blood pressure following renin injections. Strehler, E. and E. Suter (1950), Z Gesamte Exp Med 115(4): 436-45. |
| Psychodynamics of sustained high blood pressure Hambling, J. (1970), Psychother Psychosom 18(1): 349-54. |
| Psychological aspects of high and low blood pressure Pilgrim, J. A. (1994), Psychol Med 24(1): 9-14. |
| Psychosocial stress induces high blood pressure in a population of mammals on a low-salt diet Henry, J. P. and P. M. Stephens (1988), J Hypertens 6(2): 139-44. Abstract: The relative importance of salt intake and psychosocial stimulation in the development of high blood pressure has been studied in colonies of CBA/USC mice. Approximately 50 males were observed for 3-4 months in five population cages which successfully induced chronic psychosocial interaction, resulting in chronic hypertension. Under these conditions, progressive arteriosclerosis develops together with myocardial hypertrophy, increased catecholamine synthesis and increased angiotensin sensitivity. Previous work indicates that this condition shows the characteristics of renin dependent human hypertension. A special grain based diet was used which included 0.014% sodium. This resulted in the ingestion of the equivalent of 40 mmol/l sodium or 3.0 g NaCl in a 70-kg man. This, and an even more stringent synthetic diet containing less than 0.01% NaCl, i.e. less than 2 g NaCl per day in man, were contrasted with the standard chow which contains 0.4% sodium. Over 4 months of social interaction the psychosocial stimulation proved to be the critical factor and, despite the low-salt intake, blood pressure rose to the same levels as those of control groups on a normal diet containing 1% salt. Hypertension occurs in the absence of kidney failure as assessed by blood urea. Plasma renin levels on the low-salt grain based diet were double those on standard chow, showing that the diet was sufficiently low in salt to activate the renin-angiotensin system. |
| Pulmonary vascular supersensitivity to catecholamines in systemic high blood pressure Guazzi, M. D., N. De Cesare, et al. (1986), J Am Coll Cardiol 8(5): 1137-44. Abstract: Pulmonary pressure and arteriolar resistance are elevated in uncomplicated primary systemic hypertension. This study was carried out in 16 men with this form of hypertension and in 9 healthy men to compare 1) their pulmonary vascular reactivity to endogenous catecholamines released during mental arithmetic and cold pressor tests, and 2) the dose-response relation to exogenous epinephrine and norepinephrine. Arithmetic and cold pressor tests were associated, respectively, with a predominant increase in plasma epinephrine and norepinephrine concentration; changes were significantly greater in hypertensive men. During the two tests, pulmonary arteriolar resistance in the normotensive group was reduced by 13% and augmented by 7% of baseline, respectively, whereas it was raised by 31 and 70%, respectively, in the hypertensive group. In normal subjects, the dose (microgram)-response (delta dynes) relation to epinephrine was 1 = -4, 2 = -9, 3 = -9 and 4 = -10; to norepinephrine it was 2 = +3, 4 = +6, 6 = +7 and 8 = +7. In hypertensive patients, the respective relations were 1 = +18, 2 = +44, 3 = +59 and 4 = +77; and 2 = +39, 4 = +54, 6 = +76 and 8 = +98. Group differences were highly significant. In each of these circumstances, the driving pressure across the lungs was significantly augmented in the hypertensive but not the normotensive group. Both epinephrine and norepinephrine have a vasoconstrictor influence on the lesser circulation as a consequence of vascular overreactivity. The opposite changes in resistance between normotensive and hypertensive subjects produced by epinephrine suggest that a constrictor vascular supersensitivity becomes active in the pulmonary circuit with the development of systemic high blood pressure. |
| Quality of life of hypertensive physicians with hypertension therapy. Randomized double-blind study of 237 female and male physicians with high blood pressure Siegrist, J., M. Middeke, et al. (1991), Fortschr Med 109(16): 348-52. Abstract: In a group of 237 hypertensive male and female physicians, a placebo-controlled randomized double-blind, cross-over trial was performed to investigate the effects of the ACE inhibitor captopril on blood pressure and well-being. A thoroughly tested standardized measurement of well-being was employed. On the basis of the multivariate linear model, differences in the response to treatment (t-tests for cross-over differences) were investigated in terms of the seven parameters of well-being measured. In comparison with placebo, captopril (50 mg once daily) had a significant effect on five of the seven parameters. Thus, mood, general well-being, work performance, regeneration and quality of sleep all improved under treatment. It was also found that these improvements were not an immediate consequence of blood pressure reduction. The standardized evaluation employed here thus proved to be an informative additional evaluation criterion of antihypertensive therapy. |
| Quantitation of the antimalarial agent, mefloquine, in blood, plasma, and urine using high-pressure liquid chromatography Grindel, J. M., P. F. Tilton, et al. (1977), J Pharm Sci 66(6): 834-7. Abstract: Sensitive and specific assays are described for the quantitation of mefloquine in whole blood, plasma, and urine specimens using high-pressure liquid chromatography. Specimens were extracted with ethyl acetate and concentrated before chromatography. Whole blood and plasma extracts were chromatographed on a polar bonded phase partitioning column, and urine extracts were chromatographed on a bonded reversed-phase partitioning column. The sensitivity of the assays for mefloquine was 0.05 microgram/ml of whole blood or plasma and 0.25 microgram/ml of urine using 5-ml samples. The assays are suitable for studying mefloquine pharmacokinetics in humans. |
| Racial and gender discrimination: risk factors for high blood pressure? Krieger, N. (1990), Soc Sci Med 30(12): 1273-81. Abstract: Despite controversy as to the biologic and/or social meaning of 'race' and 'sex', few public health studies have directly examined the impact of racial or gender discrimination on health. One plausible condition they might affect is hypertension, since stress and internalized anger may constitute important risk factors for this disease. The present investigation therefore sought to determine the feasibility of asking questions pertaining to race- and gender-biased treatment plus response to unfair treatment, and to assess their predictive value regarding self-reported high blood pressure. Using random-digit dialing, 51 black and 50 white women, ages 20-80, who resided in Alameda County, CA in 1987, were identified and interviewed by phone. Among black respondents, those who stated they usually accepted and kept quiet about unfair treatment were 4.4 times more likely to report hypertension than women who said they took action and talked to others (P = 0.01 for linear trend); no clear association existed among white respondents. The age-adjusted risk of high blood pressure among black respondents who recounted experiencing zero instances of race- and gender-biased treatment was 2.6 times greater than that of black women who reported one or more such instances (95% CI = 0.7, 10.5). Among white respondents, gender discrimination was not associated with hypertension. These results suggest that an internalized response to unfair treatment, plus non-reporting of race and gender discrimination, may constitute risk factors for high blood pressure among black women. They also bolster the view that subjective appraisal of stressors may be inversely associated with risk of hypertension. |
| Randomised controlled factorial trial of dietary advice for patients with a single high blood pressure reading in primary care Little, P., J. Kelly, et al. (2004), Bmj 328(7447): 1054. Abstract: OBJECTIVE: To assess the effect of brief interventions during the "watchful waiting" period for hypertension. DESIGN: Factorial trial. SETTING: General practice. METHODS: 296 patients with blood pressure > 160/90 mm Hg were randomised to eight groups defined by three factors: an information booklet; low sodium, high potassium salt; prompt sheets for high fruit, vegetable, fibre; and low fat. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Blood pressure (primary outcome); secondary outcomes of diet, weight, and dietary biomarkers (urinary sodium:potassium (Na:K) ratio; carotenoid concentrations). RESULTS: Blood pressure was not affected by the booklet (mean difference (diastolic blood pressure) at one month 0.2, 95% confidence interval 1.6 to 2.0), salt (0.13; 1.7 to 2.0), or prompts (0.52; 1.3 to 2.4). The salt decreased Na:K ratio (difference 0.32; 0.08 to 0.56, P = 0.01), and the prompts helped control weight (difference 0.39 (0.85 to 0.05) kg at one month, P = 0.085; 1.2 (0.1 to 2.25) kg at six months, P = 0.03). Among those with lower fruit and vegetable consumption (< 300 g per day), prompts increased fruit and vegetable consumption and also carotenoid concentrations (difference 143 (16 to 269) mmol/l, P < 0.03) but did not decrease blood pressure. CONCLUSION: During watchful waiting, over and above the effect of brief advice and monitoring, an information booklet, lifestyle prompts, and low sodium salt do not reduce blood pressure. Secondary analysis suggests that brief interventions-particularly lifestyle prompts-can make useful changes in diet and help control weight, which previous research indicates are likely to reduce the long term risk of stroke. |
| Rapid control of serious high blood pressure with single large oral doses of prazosin Hayes, J. M. (1980), Med J Aust 1(1): 31-2. Abstract: With precautions, single large oral doses of prazosin (approximately 5 mg) may be used as a substitute for parenterally administered antihypertensive agents. |
| Rapid determination of 1-(2-tetrahydrofuryl)-5-fluorouracil in human blood by high-pressure liquid chromatography Hobara, N. and A. Watanabe (1978), J Chromatogr 146(3): 518-2. |
| Rapid high-pressure liquid chromatographic analysis of verapamil in blood and plasma Harapat, S. R. and R. E. Kates (1979), J Chromatogr 170(2): 385-90. Abstract: A high-pressure liquid chromatographic assay procedure has been developed for verapamil in blood or plasma. A paired-ion solvent system with a reversed-phase column is employed. The procedure is specific for verapamil and the retention times of the major metabolites are identified. This procedure is sensitive to a lower blood concentration of 1 ng/ml and standard curves were found to be linear up to the highest concentration tested, 500 ng/ml. Several drugs were tested for interference with the assay, but none were found to cause any problems. The procedure is simple, rapid and permits the analysis of up to 25 samples per day. |
| Rapid trace analysis of barbiturates in blood and saliva by high-pressure liquid chromatography Tjaden, U. R., J. C. Kraak, et al. (1977), J Chromatogr 143(2): 183-94. Abstract: The performances of a number of liquid--solid systems, consisting of mixtures of water and methanol as liquid phase and methyl silica as solid phase, were investigated with respect to their use in the separation of barbiturates by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC). Phase system selectivities and column efficiencies were determined. The results were applied to the development of a rapid method for the determination of trace amounts of barbiturates in blood. The first step in the analysis, the extraction of barbiturates from blood, was also investigated and good recoveries were achieved. The extracts were analyzed by HPLC using ultraviolet detection at 220 nm. A low detection limit and high precision were obtained; An amount of 5 ng hexobarbital, for example, can be determined with a precision of +/-15% and 5 mug with a precision of +/-0.3%. The time course of the concentration of hexobarbital in the serum and saliva of man after an oral administration of 400 mg is demonstrated. |
| Rats with hypertension induced by in utero exposure to maternal low-protein diets fail to increase blood pressure in response to a high salt intake Langley-Evans, S. C. and A. A. Jackson (1996), Ann Nutr Metab 40(1): 1-9. Abstract: Hypertension in the rat has been demonstrated to be determined in utero by exposure to maternal low-protein diets. Assessment was made of the response of rats with maternal diet-induced hypertension to a chronic high intake of sodium chloride. Normotensive and hypertensive animals were provided with either drinking water (control) or 1.5% sodium chloride over a 7-day period. Normotensive rats significantly increased blood pressure in response to the increased salt intake. 5-7 days after the start of the study systolic blood pressure was 30-41 mm Hg higher than in controls. 7 days of salt drinking did not alter blood pressure in maternal low-protein diet-exposed, hypertensive rats. In both normotensive and hypertensive groups provision of 1.5% sodium chloride significantly increased fluid intake. In hypertensive rats in the increased fluid intake appeared to be an immediate response, whilst normotensive rats increased intake only after the first day. Urinary volume was increased in both groups of animals receiving salt, within 1 day, and Na+ excretion similarly increased by between 3.5- and 4.5-fold in both groups. K+ excretion initially decreased significantly in both normotensive and hypertensive rats drinking 1.5% sodium chloride, but returned to pre-salt drinking levels by day 5 of the experiment. Rats with maternal-diet-induced hypertension appear to be insensitive to the hypertensive effects of sodium chloride. This insensitivity does not appear to stem from a more rapid clearance of excess sodium, and may relate to other aspects of kidney function and metabolism. |
| Rauwolfia serpentina in the treatment of high blood pressure; a review of the literature Vakil, R. J. (1955), Circulation 12(2): 220-9. |
| Rauwolfia serpentina in the treatment of high blood-pressure Vakil, R. J. (1954), Lancet 267(6841): 726-7. |
| Rauwolfia serpentina treatment of high blood pressure Vakil, R. J. (1955), Acta Med Scand 152(2): 107-14. |
| Reactions to high atmospheric pressure. IV. Effect on calcium, potassium and urea-nitrogen in blood. Frada, G. and V. Cali (1952), Boll Soc Ital Biol Sper 28(7): 1554-5. |
| Reactions to high atmospheric pressure. V. Effect on creatinine in the blood during repeated exposure to compressed air. Frada, G. and V. Cali (1952), Boll Soc Ital Biol Sper 28(7): 1556-8. |
| Reactions to high atmospheric pressure. X. Effect on blood proteins and hematocrit. Frada, G. and A. Romano (1953), Boll Soc Ital Biol Sper 29(4): 741-4. |
| Recent changes in recommendations for antihypertensive therapy. Joint National Committee on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure Clem, J. R. (1993), S D J Med 46(4): 122-3. |
| Recent trends in public knowledge, attitudes, and reported behavior with respect to high blood pressure Haines, C. M. and G. W. Ward (1981), Public Health Rep 96(6): 514-22. |
| Recommendations for blood pressure measurement in animals: summary of an AHA scientific statement from the Council on High Blood Pressure Research, Professional and Public Education Subcommittee Kurtz, T. W., K. A. Griffin, et al. (2005), Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 25(3): 478-9. |
| Recommendations for blood pressure measurement in humans and experimental animals: part 1: blood pressure measurement in humans: a statement for professionals from the subcommittee of professional and public education of the american heart association council on high blood pressure research Pickering, T. G., J. E. Hall, et al. (2005), Circulation 111(5): 697-716. Abstract: Accurate measurement of blood pressure is essential to classify individuals, to ascertain blood pressure-related risk, and to guide management. The auscultatory technique with a trained observer and mercury sphygmomanometer continues to be the method of choice for measurement in the office, using the first and fifth phases of the Korotkoff sounds, including in pregnant women. The use of mercury is declining, and alternatives are needed. Aneroid devices are suitable, but they require frequent calibration. Hybrid devices that use electronic transducers instead of mercury have promise. The oscillometric method can be used for office measurement, but only devices independently validated according to standard protocols should be used, and individual calibration is recommended. They have the advantage of being able to take multiple measurements. Proper training of observers, positioning of the patient, and selection of cuff size are all essential. It is increasingly recognized that office measurements correlate poorly with blood pressure measured in other settings, and that they can be supplemented by self-measured readings taken with validated devices at home. There is increasing evidence that home readings predict cardiovascular events and are particularly useful for monitoring the effects of treatment. Twenty-four-hour ambulatory monitoring gives a better prediction of risk than office measurements and is useful for diagnosing white-coat hypertension. There is increasing evidence that a failure of blood pressure to fall during the night may be associated with increased risk. In obese patients and children, the use of an appropriate cuff size is of paramount importance. |
| Recommendations for blood pressure measurement in humans and experimental animals: part 2: blood pressure measurement in experimental animals: a statement for professionals from the Subcommittee of Professional and Public Education of the American Heart Association Council on High Blood Pressure Research Kurtz, T. W., K. A. Griffin, et al. (2005), Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 25(3): e22-33. Abstract: In experimental animals, as in humans, techniques for measuring blood pressure (BP) have improved considerably over the past decade. In this document, we present recommendations for measuring BP in experimental animals with the goal of helping investigators select optimal methods for BP monitoring in the research laboratory. The advantages and disadvantages of various BP measurement methods are discussed and specific recommendations are provided for selecting the optimal technique depending on the study objective. Although indirect techniques that permit only sporadic measurements of BP may be suitable for some purposes, methods for directly measuring BP are generally preferred because of their ability to monitor the highly dynamic nature of BP in a comprehensive fashion. Selection of the methods to be used should ultimately be guided by the study objectives to insure that the techniques chosen are appropriate for the experimental questions being explored. |