| For medical practitioners and the general public - High Blood Pressure Journal Article Catalog. |
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| Epidemiology of high blood pressure and obesity Martinez, F. J. and J. M. Sancho-Rof (1993), Drugs 46 Suppl 2: 160-4. Abstract: The relationship between bodyweight and arterial pressure was first discovered early this century. More recently, epidemiological studies have confirmed the correlation between bodyweight and blood pressure in both adults and children. Serum cholesterol levels, blood glucose levels, uric acid levels and blood pressure increase with increasing bodyweight. In the presence of androgens, upper body obesity, caused by excessive intake of calories, increases cardiovascular risk factors, probably as a result of hyperinsulinaemia. The activity of Na+/K(+)-ATPase in the cells of obese subjects is reduced in a way that may be genetically determined, or may be mediated by changes in plasma insulin levels or a natural inhibitor of Na+/K(+)-ATPase. In vitro studies have shown that the potency of a non-ouabain inhibitor of Na+/K(+)-ATPase is enhanced by the presence of insulin. This may result in vascular smooth muscle having increased reactivity to pressor agents. A knowledge of cellular membrane transport may lead to a better understanding of the epidemiology of obesity-related hypertension. |
| Equal levels of blood pressure control in ESRD patients receiving high-efficiency hemodialysis and conventional hemodialysis Velasquez, M. T., B. von Albertini, et al. (1998), Am J Kidney Dis 31(4): 618-23. Abstract: The present study compared the status of hypertension and adequacy of blood pressure control in 73 end-stage renal disease (ESRD) patients treated with four different modalities of hemodialysis, namely, conventional hemodialysis (CHD) with cuprophan 1.1 m2 at a blood flow rate of 300 mL/min, high-efficiency hemodialysis (HED) with cuprophan 1.6 m2 at a blood flow rate of 450 to 500 mL/min, high-flux hemodialysis (HFD) with F80 polysulfone 1.8 m2 at a blood flow rate 500 mL/min, and high-flux hemodiafiltration (HDF) with F80 2 x 1.8 m2 in series at a blood flow rate of 600 to 650 mL/min. Thirty of the 73 patients (41%) were receiving one or more antihypertensive agents to control their hypertension. The percentage of patients taking antihypertensive medication was less in the groups treated with HED, HFD, and HDF compared with the CHD group: 38%, 39%, and 39%, respectively, in the HED, HFD, and HDF groups versus 56% in the CHD group. Control of systolic and diastolic hypertension was achieved in a higher percentage of patients treated with HED, HFD, and HDF compared with patients treated with CHD. Sixty-two percent of HED, 58% of HFD, and 61% of HDF patients compared with 44% of CHD patients had systolic blood pressure less than 150 mm Hg, whereas 77% of HED, 76% of HFD, and 78% of HDF patients compared 56% of CHD patients had diastolic blood pressure less than 90 mm Hg. However, the differences in the use of antihypertensive medication and control rates of hypertension did not reach statistical significance. The average blood pressure of all patients was 144/89 mm Hg; this did not differ significantly between the four groups. There also were no significant differences in etiology of ESRD, hematocrit, biochemical data, as well as use and dose of recombinant human erythropoietin between the four groups. Compared with the CHD patients, the average treatment times with high-efficiency treatments were shorter, with HDF patients showing the shortest mean treatment time of 157+/-41 minutes per hemodialysis session. The mean Kt/V was higher in the groups treated with HED, HFD, or HDF (1.31+/-0.3, 1.30+/-0.4, and 1.43+/-0.3, respectively) than in the CHD group (1.12+/-0.3; P < 0.05). Interdialytic weight gain also did not differ among the four groups. There was no correlation between predialysis mean arterial pressure and either treatment time (r = 0.04, P = NS), Kt/V (r = 0.03, P = NS), ultrafiltration rate (r = 0.06, P = NS), or interdialytic weight gain (r= -0.08, P = NS). There also was no significant association between Kt/V and use of antihypertensive medications (chi-square = 1.76, P = NS). There was, however, a significant positive correlation between interdialytic weight gain and treatment time (r = 0.33, P < 0.01). We conclude that the use of short dialysis sessions with efficient hemodialysis treatments, namely, HFD and HDF, was associated with similar levels of blood pressure control in ESRD patients. |
| Ethnic (black-white) contrasts in heart rate variability during cardiovascular reactivity testing in male adolescents with high and low blood pressure: the Bogalusa Heart Study Urbina, E. M., W. Bao, et al. (1998), Am J Hypertens 11(2): 196-202. Abstract: Heart rate variability (HRV) is used to study autonomic effects on the heart. The time domain PNN50 (percentage of consecutive RR intervals differing by > 50%) measures high frequency in HRV primarily reflecting parasympathetic activity. The ratio of low to high frequency power (LF/HF) measured by fast Fourier analysis is used to measure sympathetic to parasympathetic balance. In adults, increased sympathetic tone has been found in hypertensive individuals. The present study was performed to look for differences in HRV by race and between subjects with high and low blood pressure (BP). Heart rate variability data was analyzed from Holter monitor recordings in 39 healthy male subjects aged 13 to 17 years (50% white). Half were selected with Korotkoff fourth sound (K4) DBP > 85th percentile for height measured twice, 3 to 5 years apart (average 116/75 mm Hg). Half had DBP < 15th percentile for height (average 101/57 mm Hg). Subjects underwent a physical examination including BP, height, and weight before cardiovascular reactivity testing including measurements taken while supine and standing, and during 20% maximal isometric hand grip, Valsalva maneuver, and immersion of the hand in water at 4 degrees C. The LF/HF ratio was significantly higher and the PNN50 was significantly lower in whites compared with ratios for blacks during all CV reactivity tests (all P <.05). There was a trend for higher LF/HF ratio and lower PNN50 in blacks and whites with higher levels of BP, although this did not reach statistical significance. It was concluded that healthy white adolescents exhibit increased sympathetic tone compared with that of blacks during CV reactivity tests. A trend towards sympathetic predominance during reactivity testing was demonstrated in children with higher levels of DBP. |
| Etiology of high blood pressure in affections of the nervous system, with special reference to polyneuritis and poliomyelitis. Sack, H. and A. Bernsmeier (1950), Dtsch Med Wochenschr 75(26): 886-90. |
| European working party on high blood pressure in elderly (EWPHE): organization of a double-blind multicentre trial on antihypertensive therapy in elderly patients Amery, A. and A. De Schaepdrijver (1973), Clin Sci Mol Med Suppl 45 Suppl 1: 71s-3. |
| Evaluation of family health education to build social support for long-term control of high blood pressure Morisky, D. E., N. M. DeMuth, et al. (1985), Health Educ Q 12(1): 35-50. Abstract: Sustaining patient motivation for long-term adherence to drug therapies remains a substantial problem for physicians, other health care providers, the patients themselves, and their families. Other therapeutic requests such as dietary changes and weight control may be even more difficult to maintain than taking pills. As part of a controlled experimental design implemented in an outpatient teaching hospital, an educational program was implemented to improve family member support for medical compliance among hypertensive patients. Family members were interviewed, counseled, and provided with a booklet for the purpose of educating and involving them in the home management of high blood pressure. The booklet identified ways the family member could assist the patient with medication compliance, appointment keeping, as well as diet and weight control. These items were identified and recorded as behavioral objectives in the booklet. Patients were followed for three years to assess long-term outcomes. Results showed a strong statistically significant difference between the experimental and control groups, with the experimental group demonstrating higher levels of appointment-keeping behavior, weight control, and BP under control (all p values less than.001). Analysis of the main effects of the educational program demonstrated that the family member support intervention accounted for the greatest decrease in diastolic blood pressure variability, R2 =.20, p less than.001. |
| Evaluation of high blood pressure in a 12-year-old girl Cachat, F. and J. P. Guignard (2004), Pediatr Nephrol 19(6): 697-9. |
| Evaluation of selected functional circulation parameters of workers from various occupational groups exposed to electromagnetic fields of high frequency. III. 24-h monitoring of arterial blood pressure (ABP) Gadzicka, E., A. Bortkiewicz, et al. (1997), Med Pr 48(1): 15-24. Abstract: The problem of blood pressure regulation in persons occupationally exposed to electromagnetic fields (EMF) has not as yet been elucidated, and most data come from studies carried out long time ago (1960-70) in the former Soviet Union. Our study was aimed at verifying the Soviet data by means of modern methods. Together with traditional methods, a 24-h monitoring of arterial blood pressure (ABP) using a Medilog ABP kit (Oxford) were employed. Measurements were taken automatically every 0.5 h during daily activities and every 1 h during the night rest (about 41 measurements/day). The mean systolic and diastolic blood pressure and heart rate were calculated over day (BPSDOver, BPDOver, HROver), during daily activities (HPDD, BPSD, HRD) and during the night rest (BPSN, BPDN, HRN). The subjective and objective examinations were carried out as well as resting ECG and a 24-h Holter were performed (the results have been published earlier). The study covered male workers of middlewave broadcast stations (71), radioservice (40) and radio line stations (42). The subjects were aged 21-60 years and the duration of their work with devices generating high frequency EMF ranged between 1 and 42 years. The first group of workers was exposed to EFM at the frequency of 1 Mhz, the second at about 150 Mhz and the third group, not exposed, served as the control group. The study revealed that the mean arterial blood pressure and the day/night blood pressure variability indicator showed no significant differences between the groups, whereas the daily heart rate was significantly lower in the workers of middlewave broadcast stations in comparison with the controls despite similar type of work as far as physical effort and psychic burden are concerned, and similar non-occupational activities. The day/night heart rate variability indicator was significantly lower in the groups exposed. The decreased value of this indicator may suggest the occurrence of disorders in the neurovegetative regulation. In persons employed at radioservice stations a higher incidence of the increased arterial blood pressure, in comparison with the control group, was observed. |
| Evaluation of surgical methods in treatment of high blood pressure. Shpilevskaia, A. M. (1950), Ter Arkh 22(3): 26-35. |
| Evaluation of two carrier protein-angiotensin I conjugate vaccines to assess their future potential to control high blood pressure (hypertension) in man Downham, M. R., T. R. Auton, et al. (2003), Br J Clin Pharmacol 56(5): 505-12. Abstract: AIMS: We aim to modulate the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) by active immunization against angiotensin I hormone (AI), potentially providing a novel conjugate vaccine treatment for hypertension in man. METHODS: Immunization studies in rat and human subjects compare the effectiveness of tetanus toxoid (TT) and keyhole limpet haemocyanin (KLH) vaccines for immunotherapy following conjugation with an AI peptide analogue (AI). Cardiovascular responses were assessed in immunized rats and human subjects (two-dose trial only), following increasing i.v. infusions of either AI or angiotensin II hormone (AII). RESULTS: The AI-TT and AI-KLH conjugate vaccines induced an equivalent immune response, and inhibition of the pressor effects to exogenous AI in rats. Single-dose clinical trials with both conjugate vaccines only resulted in an immune response to the KLH carrier protein. A two-dose clinical trial of AI-KLH conjugate vaccine resulted in a significant immune response to AI. A shift in diastolic blood pressure (DBP) dose-response was demonstrated following challenge with AI and AII for the study volunteer showing the largest anti-AI IgG induction. CONCLUSION: KLH was shown to be a suitable alternative to TT as a carrier protein for AI, thus supporting continued evaluation of our AI-KLH conjugate vaccine for treatment of hypertension in man. |
| Evidence against a role of vasopressin in the maintenance of high blood pressure in mineralocorticoid and renovascular hypertension Rabito, S. F., O. A. Carretero, et al. (1981), Hypertension 3(1): 34-8. Abstract: To determine the role of vasopressin in the maintenance of high blood pressure, the antihypertensive effect of the antagonists of the vasopressor effect of vasopressin, 1-deaminopenicillamine, 4-valine, 8-D-arginine vasopressin (dPVDAVP), and 1-(beta-mercapto-beta, beta-cyclopentamethylenepropionic acid), 4-valine, 8-D-arginine vasopressin (cyclo dVDAVP), was studied in unanesthetized, nonsurgically stressed rats with adrenal regeneration hypertension, malignant DOCA-salt hypertension, and malignant two-kidney, one clip Goldblatt hypertension. The doses of vasopressin antagonist used blocked the blood pressure (BP) response to vasopressin almost completely, with no changes in the pressor response to norepinephrine and angiotensin II. Administration of the vasopressin antagonists did not induce significant changes in the mean BP in any of the three experimental groups studied. It is suggested that in unanesthetized, nonsurgically stressed rats with adrenal regeneration hypertension, malignant DOCA-salt hypertension, and malignant two-kidney, one clip Goldblatt hypertension, vasopressin does not have a role in the maintenance of high BP. |
| Evidence for an association of high blood pressure and hyperinsulinemia in obese man Manicardi, V., L. Camellini, et al. (1986), J Clin Endocrinol Metab 62(6): 1302-4. Abstract: An association between hyperinsulinemia and hypertension has been suggested by epidemiological surveys. To assess whether this association is independent of the presence of other hyperinsulinemic states, such as obesity and glucose intolerance, we measured the insulin response to oral glucose in a group of middle-aged moderately obese 144 +/- 4% overweight (mean +/- SEM) patients (n = 18) with essential hypertension (174 +/- 5/104 +/- 2 mm Hg) and normal glucose tolerance. Normotensive subjects (n = 17) with normal glucose tolerance, matched for age and degree of overweight, served as the control group. The mean insulin response to glucose was twice as high in the hypertensive patients (25.8 +/- 0.2 mU/ml X 2 h) as in the normotensive subjects (11.3 +/- 0.2; P less than 0.001), yet the glucose incremental area was 3-fold higher in the former (10.9 +/- 1.0 g/dl X 2 h) than in the latter (3.5 +/- 0.7; P less than 0.001), thus indicating more severe insulin resistance. In the hypertensive group, systolic blood pressure levels were directly correlated with the 2-h plasma insulin values (r = 0.75; P less than 0.001). Furthermore, the 2-h plasma insulin value and the degree of overweight accounted for 65% of the variation in the systolic blood pressure in a multiple regression model (r = 0.81; P less than 0.001). We conclude that in obesity, the occurrence of hypertension marks the presence of additional hyperinsulinemia and insulin resistance, independent of any impairment of glucose tolerance. |
| Evidence-based medicine: worship of form and treatment of high blood pressure Psaty, B. M., C. Rhoads, et al. (2000), J Gen Intern Med 15(10): 755-6. |
| Examination of the eye fundus in high blood pressure. Gallet, M. (1951), Maroc Med 30(312): 513-6. |
| Excess mortality associated with increased pulse pressure among middle-aged men and women is explained by high systolic blood pressure Antikainen, R. L., P. Jousilahti, et al. (2000), J Hypertens 18(4): 417-23. Abstract: OBJECTIVE: To assess the risk of death from coronary heart disease, stroke, all cardiovascular diseases and all-cause mortality associated with pulse pressure among the middle-aged population. METHODS AND DESIGN: A prospective 15-year follow-up cohort study was conducted of two independent cross-sectional random samples of the population who participated in baseline surveys in 1972 or 1977. Each survey included a self-administered questionnaire with questions on smoking and antihypertensive drug treatment, measurements of height, weight and blood pressure and the determination of the serum cholesterol concentration. Multivariate analyses were performed by using Cox proportional hazard models. SETTING: The provinces of North Karelia and Kuopio in eastern Finland PARTICIPANTS: Men and women aged 45-64 years with no history of myocardial infarction or stroke at the time of the baseline survey were selected. In total 4333 men and 5270 women took part in this follow-up study. RESULTS: The relative risk of coronary heart disease, stroke, cardiovascular disease and all-cause mortality increased with the increasing pulse pressure in individuals aged 45-64 years independent of the diastolic blood pressure level. Only in women with diastolic blood pressure > or = 95 mmHg was the relative risk of fatal stroke not statistically significant. After adjustment for systolic blood pressure, the positive association between mortality and increasing pulse pressure disappeared. CONCLUSION: Increasing pulse pressure is a predictor of death from coronary heart disease, stroke, cardiovascular disease and all causes in men and women aged 45-64 years, but the increase in risk is entirely associated with the increase in systolic blood pressure. |
| Excess mortality associated with increased pulse pressure among middle-aged men and women is explained by high systolic blood pressure Millar, J. A. and A. F. Lever (2000), J Hypertens 18(8): 1155. |
| Excess of weight and their relationship with high blood pressure in schoolchildren and adolescents of Medellin, Colombia Uscategui Penuela, R. M., J. A. Perez Giraldo, et al. (2003), Arch Latinoam Nutr 53(4): 376-82. Abstract: A cross sectional study was carried out in order to investigate the association between excess weight based on body mass index (> or = p85 Must scales), and high diastolic and sistolic blood pressure (> or = p90 Task Force Blood Pressure Control in Children scales). The sample consisted of 1253 male and 1358 female, aged 6 -18 years in the city of Medellin, Colombia. Excess weight was observed in 14.3% of males and 13.7% of females, with higher prevalence at 6 to 9 years old in any gender. Diastolic high blood values were significantly higher in males (4.9%) when compared to females (2.9%) (p = 0.007), and high sistolic values were found similarly in males (1.6%) and females (1.0%) (p = 0.203). This study confirmed the statistically significant association between high body mass index (> or = p85) and high sistolic (RP 4.04; IC 2.03-8.04) and diastolic (RP 3.44; IC 2.32-5.09) blood pressure. |
| Exercise BP response in subjects with high-normal BP: exaggerated blood pressure response to exercise and risk of future hypertension in subjects with high-normal blood pressure Miyai, N., M. Arita, et al. (2000), J Am Coll Cardiol 36(5): 1626-31. Abstract: OBJECTIVES: This study was designed to assess the clinical usefulness of an exaggerated blood pressure (BP) response to exercise (EBPR) in predicting the development of hypertension from a high-normal state. BACKGROUND: Exaggerated BP response during both dynamic and isometric exercises are associated with increased risk of future hypertension, while the significance of these responses concerning the identification of individuals with high-normal BP who are prone to develop hypertension is unknown. METHODS: The study population comprised a sample of 239 men with high-normal BP (aged 42.3 +/- 5.9 years) who underwent a symptom-limited bicycle ergometer exercise testing at baseline and then were followed for 5.1 years. RESULTS: The Kaplan-Meier survival analysis showed that the subjects in the upper quartile of BP response to exercise had a significantly higher cumulative incidence of hypertension on follow-up than those in the middle two and lower quartiles (log-rank test, p < 0.05). Multivariate analysis using the Cox proportional hazards survival model showed that the EBPR was significantly and independently associated with the risk of developing hypertension after adjustment for some traditional risk factors for hypertension (RR = 2.31, 95% confidence interval = 1.45 to 6.25). CONCLUSIONS: These findings suggest that an EBPR is an important risk factor for new-onset hypertension from a high-normal state and, thus, exercise testing can provide valid information that may help identify individuals with high-normal BP at a greater risk of future hypertension. |
| Exercise guidelines for patients with high blood pressure: an update Pescatello, L. S. and T. Buckley (1995), J Cardiopulm Rehabil 15(3): 239-40. |
| Exercise test and 24-hour heart rate recording in men with high and low casual blood pressure levels Thulin, T. and O. Werner (1978), Br Heart J 40(5): 534-40. |
| Exertion and high blood pressure Lund-Johansen, P. (1980), Tidsskr Nor Laegeforen 100(12B): 827-32. |
| Experience with a fixed beta-blocker-diuretic combination in the treatment of high blood pressure Teiwes, F. (1983), Med Welt 34(51-52): 1468-72. |
| Experiences in dispensary follow-up of epidemiologically detected high blood pressure patients Rutkowsky, E., G. Linss, et al. (1977), Z Arztl Fortbild (Jena) 71(5): 228-32. |
| Experimental effect of basic foods with high nutritional value on blood pressure. Lachmann, H. (1958), Z Gesamte Exp Med 13(5): 137-45. |
| Experimental evidence for blood pressure-independent vascular effects of high sodium diet Simon, G. (2003), Am J Hypertens 16(12): 1074-8. Abstract: The two physiologic mechanisms that may be responsible for the adverse cardiovascular effects of long-term high sodium diet without increasing blood pressure (BP) are increased blood flow and increased extracellular sodium concentration. The first dilates arteries, and the second may impact on vascular reactivity and growth. The experimental evidence for these two mechanisms was critically reviewed, distinguishing between the administration of physiologically relevant and potentially toxic doses of dietary sodium. There is evidence that a high sodium diet results in dilatation and reduced distensibility of arteries. There is also evidence for an increase of plasma sodium concentration during a high-sodium diet (2 to 5 mmol/L) that may be sufficient to stimulate vascular reactivity and growth. An increase in transmembrane sodium gradient of vascular muscle and increased affinity of receptors for agonists may be the underlying mechanisms. Further experimental evidence is needed to convince the scientific community that lifelong high sodium intake expedites cardiovascular aging and reduces life expectancy independently of its effect on BP. |
| Experimental investigations of the effect of prolonged administration of ephedrine on blood pressure, myosin, high-energy phosphates and electrolytes in the myocardium. Zimmerli, B., P. Cotier, et al. (1962), Cardiologia 41: 325-48. |
| Experimental Renal Hypertension. Origin Of High Blood Pressure And Vascular Disease Koletsky, S., J. M. Rivera Velez, et al. (1964), Arch Pathol 78: 24-30. |
| Factors associated with changes in body weight during a five-year follow-up of a population with high blood pressure Tuomilehto, J., L. Jalkanen, et al. (1985), Scand J Soc Med 13(4): 173-80. Abstract: In 1972 a cardiovascular disease prevention programme was started in North Karelia in Eastern Finland. At the outset of the programme a random sample comprising 10940 persons aged 25 to 59 years was studied. Those subjects whose systolic blood pressure was greater than or equal to 175 and/or diastolic greater than or equal to 100 mmHg or who were undergoing antihypertensive treatment, were re-examined in 1977. Their body weight was measured both in 1972 and 1977. The changes in their physical activity, smoking and eating habits were also interviewed. The men aged 25 to 49 years had increased their body mass index by 0.4 kg/m2 and the men aged 50 to 59 years by 0.2 kg/m2, on average. In women (aged 25 to 49 years) body mass index had increased by 0.5 kg/m2 but decreased in the age group 50 to 59 years by 0.2 kg/m2, on average. In men the change in body weight exerted the strongest partial regression on the change in smoking, age and physical activity (both in leisure time and at work). In women aged 25 to 49 years the reasons for increased body weight were the same as in men. In older women, aged 50 to 59 years the decrease in body weight was associated with age, change in amount of smoking and initiation of antihypertensive drug therapy. |
| Factors associated with stable high blood pressure in adolescents Torok, E., I. Gyarfas, et al. (1985), J Hypertens Suppl 3(3): S389-90. Abstract: Our aim was to study the relative importance of the factors associated with stable high blood pressure (BP) in adolescents. Out of 17 634 children born in 1964 and screened in 1977, two samples, an upper group the upper 5% of the distribution curves for both systolic (SBP) and diastolic (DBP) blood pressures and a lower group (a 10% random sample from the remainder), were chosen for yearly follow-up (1680 boys and 1143 girls) from 1978 to 1981. A multiple logistic function was used to analyse the factors associated with stable high SBP and DBP (with at least three different measurements of BP at or above the 95th percentile). Different sets of variables were studied. Of the boys with stable high SBP, 55% were found in the upper quintile of risk distribution when Quetelet's index was taken into consideration, 63% when Quetelet's index + age + heart rate+sexual maturation, 67% when Quetelet's index + age + heart rate + serum uric acid and 74% when Quetelet's index + age + heart rate + cardiothoracic index + heart volume index were taken into consideration. Of the girls with a stable high SBP, 68% were found in the upper quintile of risk distribution when any of the following variables was added to Quetelet's index + age + heart rate: R and S waves, serum cholesterol or post-load blood sugar. Similar but smaller effects of associated factors on DBP were observed. Our study shows that Quetelet's index and heart rate are the most important factors associated with stable high BP in adolescents. |
| Factors determining myocardial oxygen consumption (MVO 2) during elevation of aortic blood pressure. 1. Relation between MVO 2 and changes in mechanical performance at control and high levels of adrenergic activity Bugge-Asperheim, B., O. D. Mjos, et al. (1972), Cardiovasc Res 6(1): 15-22. |
| Factors predisposing to postural hypotensive symptoms in the treatment of high blood pressure Talbot, S. and A. J. Smith (1975), Br Heart J 37(10): 1059-63. Abstract: Symptoms due to orthostatic and exertional hypotension occurred in 23-4 per cent of 448 hypertensive patients treated with guanethidine, debrisoquine, or bethanidine. Symptoms were significantly more frequent in patients treated with guanethidine than in those treated with bethanidine or debrisoquine. Women rather than men and patients with radiological evidence of cardiomegaly, electrocardiographic evidence of left ventricular hypertrophy, or ST/T wave changes, developed these symptoms significantly more often than other patients. A raised blood urea was found more frequently in patients with postural hypotensive symptoms. Characteristically guanethidine produced early morning postural hypotensive symptoms, wheras hypotensive symptoms caused by bethanidine and debrisoquine occurred at other times of the day and particularly one to two hours after tablet ingestion. Debrisoquine and guanethidine had a significantly greater negative chronotropic effect than bethanidine. It is suggested that negative chronotropic effects of these drugs may potentiate hypotensive symptoms in patients with cardiovascular, renal, or cerebrovascular disease. It should be possible to minimize symptoms of postural hypotension by attention to predisposing factors and selection of treatment accordingly. |
| Factors that appear as obstacles to the control of high blood pressure Lang, T. (2000), Ethn Dis 10(1): 125-30. Abstract: Blood pressure control at the population level is not what it should be, given the results of therapeutic trials and the current knowledge on risk factors for hypertension. Awareness and treatment of hypertension, as well as blood pressure control under treatment, are low, whether looking at results in the general population or in groups of people with little education, lower socioeconomic status or of ethnic origin. Financial and cultural obstacles have been described in the literature in relation to patient characteristics. Considering the poor blood pressure control achieved among treated hypertensive subjects, the interaction between health professionals and patients also needs to be better understood. From a primary prevention perspective, a non-drug approach seems moderately successful, particularly among lower socioeconomic groups and ethnic minorities. However, a contradiction between individual counseling and societal economic values placed on food seems to create an obstacle to this approach. To achieve good blood pressure control in the entire population and particularly underprivileged groups, policies on public health approaches (including nutrition) to combat risk factors for hypertension are necessary. |
| Failure of progesterone to produce high blood-pressure in rabbits and rats Winter, M., B. Veldhuyzen, et al. (1972), Lancet 1(7763): 1263-4. |
| Fall in high blood pressure after applying acupuncture to SHR Utsunomiya, N., Y. Shigematsu, et al. (1978), Jpn Heart J 19(4): 594. |
| Familial history of coronary heart diseases and high blood pressure in relation to the prevalence of risk factors, and the incidence of coronary heart diseases. The Paris Prospective Study (author's transl) Cambien, F., J. L. Richard, et al. (1980), Rev Epidemiol Sante Publique 28(1): 21-37. Abstract: In the Paris Prospective Study, 7 484 men from the same professional group, 43 to 54 years old, have been followed for six and a half years. The incidence of coronary heart diseases (CHD) has been studied among those free of CHD at entry, in relation to parental history of CHD and high blood pressure (HBP), obtained by interview. In the presence of paternal history of CHD, the relative risk is 1.5, and in the presence of paternal history of HBP, the relative risk is 2 (after exclusion of the subjects with HBP). The following risk factors: age, blood pressure, cholesterol, diabetes, and cigarette smoking can explain but a small part of the higher risk. Maternal history of CHD or HBP is not associated with a higher risk. It is shown that the "classical" risk factors, paternal history of CHD, and paternal history of HPB all contribute independently to the risk of CHD. The simultaneous presence of the last two is associated with a relative risk of 3. |
| Familial risk of high blood pressure in the Canadian population Katzmarzyk, P. T., T. Rankinen, et al. (2001), Am J Hum Biol 13(5): 620-5. Abstract: Familial risk ratios for high blood pressure were estimated in a representative sample of the Canadian population. The sample consisted of 14,069 participants 7-69 years of age from 5,753 families participating in the 1981 Canada Fitness Survey. Resting systolic (SBP) and diastolic (DBP) blood pressures were adjusted for the effects of body mass index using regression procedures. Varying degrees of high blood pressure were defined as the 75(th), 85(th), and 95(th) percentiles of age- and sex-specific values. Age- and sex-standardized risk ratios (SRRs) were calculated comparing the prevalences in the general population to those in spouses and first-degree relatives of probands with high blood pressure. SRRs for the 95(th) percentile were, for SBP and DBP, respectively, 1.37 and 1.45 in spouses and 1.33 and 2.36 in first-degree relatives of probands. SRRs decrease with decreasing percentile cut-offs used to define high blood pressure (95(th) > 85(th) > 75(th)), and SRRs are generally higher in first-degree relatives than in spouses, particularly for DBP. The results indicate significant familial risk for high blood pressure in the Canadian population, and the pattern of SRRs suggests that genetic factors may be responsible for a portion of the risk. |
| Family aggregation of high blood-pressure groups in two Newfoundland communities Gerson, L. W. and J. G. Fodor (1975), Can J Public Health 66(4): 294-8. |
| Favourable effect of olive oil in patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes. The effect on blood pressure, blood glucose and lipid levels of a high-fat diet rich in monounsaturated fat compared with a carbohydrate-rich diet Rasmussen, O. W., C. H. Thomsen, et al. (1995), Ugeskr Laeger 157(8): 1028-32. Abstract: To compare blood pressure, glucose and fat metabolism after a high-fat diet rich in monounsaturated fat reduced day time systolic (131 +/- 3 vs. 137 +/- 3 mmHg, p < 0.04) and 24-hour systolic blood pressure (126 +/- 8 vs. 130 +/- 10 mmHg, p < 0.03) as well as day time diastolic (78 +/- 2 vs. 84 +/- 52 mmHg, p < 0.02) and diurnal diastolic blood pressure (75 +/- 6 vs. 78 +/- 5 mmHg, p < 0.03) as compared with the high-carbohydrate diet. Evidence of improved glucose tolerance on the high-monounsaturated diet compared with the high-carbohydrate diet were found with lower fasting blood glucose (6.1 +/- 0.3 vs. 6.8 +/- 0.5 mM, p < 0.05), lower average blood glucose levels (7.4 +/- 0.5 vs. 8.2 +/- 0.6 mmol/l, p < 0.01) and peak blood glucose responses (9.9 +/- 0.6 vs. 11.3 +/- 0.7 mmol/l, p < 0.02). Similar levels of fasting triglyceride, total cholesterol, LDL- and HDL cholesterol were found after the two diets. |
| Financing treatment for high blood pressure Gorman, M. (1979), Urban Health 8(5): 8-9. |
| First-trimester blood pressure and gestational diabetes in high-risk Chinese women Lao, T. T. and L. F. Ho (2003), J Soc Gynecol Investig 10(2): 94-8. Abstract: OBJECTIVE: Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is associated with increased incidence of hypertensive disorders of pregnancy, which is attributed to maternal insulin resistance and hyperinsulinemia. A retrospective case-control study was performed to examine the relationship between first-trimester blood pressure (BP) and the subsequent development of GDM in high-risk Chinese women. METHODS: The systolic and diastolic BP readings at the 9th-12th week of gestation were compared between 67 women with GDM and 64 high-risk controls matched for age (+/- 1 year), height (+/- 1 cm), and booking weight (+/- 1 kg), all with singleton pregnancies and delivered within 1 year. The entire cohort was further categorized into systolic and diastolic BP quartile groups based on reference values established in 215 consecutive pregnant women, and the incidence of GDM was correlated with the quartile ranking. RESULTS: The GDM group had significantly higher systolic BP (114.0 +/- 12.9 mmHg versus 108.0 +/- 10.6 mmHg, P =.004) at the 9th-12th week. There was a positive and significant correlation between the incidence of GDM and systolic BP, but not diastolic BP, quartiles, and systolic BP above the median value (109 mmHg) was associated with increased incidence of GDM. Regression analysis with adjustment for the effects of age over 35 years and weight greater than 75 kg confirmed that systolic BP above median was a significant risk factor for GDM (OR 4.20, 95% CI 1.97, 8.94). CONCLUSION: The correlation between first-trimester systolic BP quartiles and incidence of GDM could be a feature of insulin resistance and hyperinsulinemia before the development of GDM in high-risk Chinese women. |