| For medical practitioners and the general public - High Blood Pressure Journal Article Catalog. |
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| Nursing's challenge in high blood pressure control Giblin, E. (1977), Am Nurse 9(5): 5. |
| Nutrition in high blood pressure. Papageorgiou, A. (1961), Dtsch Med J 12: 149-51. |
| Nutritional factors in high blood pressure Zozaya, J. L. (2000), J Hum Hypertens 14 Suppl 1: S100-4. Abstract: Metabolism of Na+, Ca+ and Zn+ cations is clearly disturbed and involved in the development and maintenance of a hypertensive condition. These changes are closely related to each other; therefore, when their effects on primary hypertension (PH) are studied, they should always be globally (and not separately) considered. These changes of the aforementioned electrolytes in PH maintain a close, but unclear, relationship with various hormonal systems, mainly with the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system. Daily control in the intake of these electrolytes (especially Na+ and Ca++) remains a cornerstone in the adjuvant treatment of PH. Na+ dietary restriction is indicated in hypertensives showing higher sensitivity to salt; in most cases they have low (70%) plasma renin activity (PRA) and belong to one of the following five groups: black, elderly, obese or diabetic (type 2) patients, and mixed blood young people from our community with low levels of PRA and serum ionic calcium. For best results, this moderate Na+ restriction (4-6 g of NaCl) should always be accompanied by an oral calcium supplement, or at least the assurance that the subject takes an appropriate amount of Ca++ (>800 mg/day) in his/her diet. Hypertensives with low PRA exhibit obvious changes of their calcium metabolism. We do not know the role of Zn++ in the development of PH; however, older hypertensives with very low PRA have high urinary excretion of Zn++ with low serum levels, a factor that could contribute to Zn++ depletion in these hypertensive patients. The oral administration of calcium corrects the Zn++ changes by a still unclear mechanism. |
| Nutritional therapy for high blood pressure. Final report of a four-year randomized controlled trial--the Hypertension Control Program Stamler, R., J. Stamler, et al. (1987), Jama 257(11): 1484-91. Abstract: A four-year trial assessed whether less severe hypertensives could discontinue antihypertensive drug therapy, using nutritional means to control blood pressure. Randomization was to three groups: group 1--discontinue drug therapy and reduce overweight, excess salt, and alcohol; group 2--discontinue drug therapy, with no nutritional program; or group 3--continue drug therapy, with no nutritional program. In groups 1 and 2 patients resumed drug therapy if pressure rose to hypertensive levels. Loss of at least 4.5 kg (10 + lb) was maintained by 30% of group 1, with a group mean loss of 1.8 kg (4 lb); sodium intake fell 36% and modest alcohol intake reduction was reported. At four years, 39% in group 1 remained normotensive without drug therapy, compared with 5% in group 2. Study findings demonstrated that nutritional therapy may substitute for drugs in a sizable proportion of hypertensives or, if drugs are still needed, can lessen some unwanted biochemical effects of drug treatment. |
| O2 and CO2 tension in canine blood during excessive pressure at high altitude Popkov, V. L. and I. N. Cherniakov (1965), Biull Eksp Biol Med 60(10): 20-3. |
| Oat consumption does not affect resting casual and ambulatory 24-h arterial blood pressure in men with high-normal blood pressure to stage I hypertension Davy, B. M., C. L. Melby, et al. (2002), J Nutr 132(3): 394-8. Abstract: The results of epidemiologic studies suggest that increased intake of dietary fiber is associated with lower levels of arterial blood pressure (BP). However, there is little information available addressing the possibility that increased oat consumption may reduce arterial BP in individuals with elevated arterial BP. To test this hypothesis, middle-aged and older men (n = 36; body mass index, 25-35 kg/m(2); aged 50-75 y) with elevated BP (systolic BP 130-159 mmHg and/or diastolic BP 85-99 mmHg) were randomly assigned to consume an additional 14 g/d of dietary fiber in the form of oat (5.5 g beta-glucan, n = 18) or wheat cereals (no beta-glucan, n = 18) for 12 wk. Casual resting arterial BP was measured at baseline and after 4, 8 and 12 wk of intervention. The 24-h ambulatory arterial BP was measured at baseline and after 12 wk of intervention. There were no differences in casual resting or 24-h ambulatory BP at baseline in the two groups. Casual systolic BP (SBP) did not change as a result of the 12-wk intervention in the oat (138 plus minus 2 vs. 135 plus minus 3 mmHg) or wheat (142 plus minus 2 vs. 140 plus minus 3 mmHg) groups, respectively (all P > 0.05). Casual diastolic BP (DBP) also did not change in the oat (89 plus minus 2 vs. 88 plus minus 2 mmHg) or wheat (90 plus minus 2 vs. 91 plus minus 2 mmHg) group during this period (all P > 0.05). Further, 24-h, daytime and nighttime SBP and DBP did not decrease with the intervention. Therefore, the results of the present study suggest that any cardioprotective benefit of regular oat consumption may not be conferred via an arterial BP-lowering effect. |
| Obesity and high blood pressure: a clinical phenotype for the insulin resistance syndrome in African Americans Campbell, K. L., H. Kushner, et al. (2004), J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich) 6(7): 364-70; quiz 371-2. Abstract: The high prevalence of insulin resistance syndrome in African Americans predisposes this population to higher morbidity and mortality from cardiovascular disease. To test the hypothesis that the combination of obesity and high blood pressure (BP) represents the physical phenotype of insulin resistance syndrome, 337 African-American men and women aged 32+/-4 years were examined and classified into four groups (nonobese-normal BP, nonobese-high BP, obese-normal BP, obese-high BP), according to presence or absence of obesity and high BP. Mean values of glucose, insulin, lipids, urinary albumin excretion, and clamp-derived insulin sensitivity were determined for each group. Prevalence of prediabetes (24.4%), diabetes (19.2%), and insulin resistance syndrome (87.2%) were highest in the obese-high BP group (p<0.001). Mean triglycerides, urinary albumin excretion, fasting glucose, fasting insulin, and insulin resistance were highest in the obese-high BP group (p<0.001). Subjects with both obesity and high BP showed greater expression of lipid and glucose abnormalities, higher urinary albumin excretion, and greater prevalence of prediabetes, undetected type 2 diabetes, and insulin resistance syndrome. |
| Objectives of high blood pressure treatment: left ventricular hypertrophy, diastolic function, and coronary reserve Strauer, B. E. and B. Schwartzkopff (1998), Am J Hypertens 11(7): 879-81. Abstract: The prehypertrophic state of hypertensive heart disease is characterized by morphologic changes (interstitial fibrosis, increase in intramyocardial arteriolar wall thickness) as well as by functional alterations (diastolic dysfunction, decrease in coronary reserve). These changes most probably represent the earliest cardiac end-organ lesions that can clinically be detected. In cardiac hypertrophy, long-term (9-12 months) pharmacotherapy with beta-blockers, calcium channel blockers, or ACE inhibitors reverses left ventricular hypertrophy by 8% to 14%, whereas marked improvement in coronary reserve and diastolic dysfunction is achieved by calcium blocker and preferably by ACE inhibitors. |
| Observations on blood pressure measurements in high-school athletes Halpern, B. C., J. T. Kinser, et al. (1988), J Am Board Fam Pract 1(2): 81-6. Abstract: The purpose of this study is to identify possible evidence of hypertension in athletic adolescents. In addition to sex and age, the effects of various physical factors that may influence blood pressure are measured. The data were collected from the annual screening physicals of local high-school athletic program participants. Nine of the 11 measured physical factors account for 10 percent to 20 percent of the variability in blood pressure measurements. These include age, weight, height, pulse, quadriceps girth, heel cord flexibility, jump reach, hang time, and grip strength. These variables are incorporated into formulae that adjust the range of "normal" values of systolic and diastolic blood pressure to reduce the effects of these confounding factors, thereby increasing the accuracy of the "normal" or "hypertensive" determination for each individual. |
| Occupational noise exposure, noise-induced hearing loss, and the epidemiology of high blood pressure Talbott, E., J. Helmkamp, et al. (1985), Am J Epidemiol 121(4): 501-14. Abstract: The role of noise exposure in the etiology of high blood pressure is unclear. A cross-sectional study of occupational noise exposure and high blood pressure was conducted in March 1981-August 1982 in a group of blue-collar workers from a noisy (greater than or equal to 89 dBA) and a less noisy plant (less than 81 dBA). There were 197 randomly sampled men from the noisier plant and 169 from the comparison factory. Clinical examinations, audiograms and a psychologic inventory were conducted. Body mass index, alcohol intake, and family history of hypertension were comparable for the two groups. There was no difference in mean systolic or diastolic blood pressure between workers in the two plants. There was, however, a strong relationship between severe noise-induced hearing loss (greater than or equal to 65 dBA loss at 3, 4, or 6 k Hz) and high blood pressure (greater than or equal to 90 mmHg diastolic or taking blood pressure medication) in the 56+ age group in both plants after adjusting for risk factors (p less than 0.02). Multiple regression analysis revealed that in the noisier plant, body mass index, severe noise-induced hearing loss, and noisy hobbies explained a significant amount of the variation in diastolic pressure (p less than 0.05) R2 = 0.19. This suggests that there may be a population at increased risk for hearing loss and high blood pressure. |
| Occurrence of high blood pressure in northern climates. Hohorst, H. E. (1957), Medizinische 10(1): 48-9. |
| Ocular hypotensive effect of late pregnancy with and without high blood pressure Phillips, C. I. and S. M. Gore (1985), Br J Ophthalmol 69(2): 117-9. Abstract: The mean ocular tension of third trimester hypertensive pregnant women did not differ significantly from that of third trimester non-hypertensives, in contrast to the tendency for open-angle glaucoma to be associated with vascular hypertension. Presumably there are different causes for the two types of vascular hypertension. The ocular hypotensive effect of late pregnancy (third trimester) was confirmed. |
| Office evaluation of hypertension. A statement for health professionals by a writing group of the Council for High Blood Pressure Research, American Heart Association Gifford, R. W., Jr., W. Kirkendall, et al. (1989), Circulation 79(3): 721-31. Abstract: The ultimate purpose of office evaluation of the hypertensive patient is to provide optimal management of blood pressure and associated risk factors. The workup includes a valid estimate of average blood pressure, including home blood pressure measurements, assessment of the degree of target organ damage, and identification of other risk factors, including family history. The history and physical examination should be directed to the principal target organs, including the optic fundi, central nervous system, heart, and kidneys. Laboratory evaluation should include urinalysis, ECG, and determinations of blood hemoglobin/hematocrit, creatinine, potassium, glucose, and cholesterol, including HDL fraction. This information will alert the physician to the possibility of curable forms of hypertension such as coarctation of the aorta, pheochromocytoma, primary aldosteronism, and renovascular hypertension. The office evaluation is also concerned with estimating prognosis and extent of organic damage, which is essential in planning management. The nurse or trained allied health professional should be used to the fullest possible extent both in evaluation and management of hypertensive patients. |
| On call. I am 47 years old and I've just been diagnosed with high blood pressure. My doctor wants to put me on medication, but I'm worried that it will make me impotent. If I decide to take a drug, which would be best? Simon, H. B. (2004), Harv Mens Health Watch 9(3): 8. |
| On call. I am a 64-year-old man, quite healthy except for high blood pressure, which was diagnosed last year. My doctor gave me Hydro-Diuril, which was only partly successful. Then he added Prinivil, but I had to stop it because of a terrible cough. Now he wants me to take Lopressor, but I've read the package insert and I'm worried about side effects--especially sexual problems, since I already have problems in that area. Do I have to take the pills? Simon, H. B. (2004), Harv Mens Health Watch 9(1): 8. |
| On call. I am a 71-year-old man with diabetes and high blood pressure. I take Glucophage for my diabetes and Zestril for my blood pressure, and my doctor says both problems are under good control, but I've developed a very annoying problem. Every time I eat, I develop terrible sweating on my face and neck. It only lasts 10-15 minutes, but my shirt collar gets soaked and I'm too embarrassed to go out to dinner. Am I allergic to something in food? Am I getting hot flashes as my wife did when she had the change of life? Simon, H. B. (2005), Harv Mens Health Watch 9(7): 8. |
| On Call. I am a subscriber to Harvard Men's Health Watch, but I am writing about my wife, not myself. She's only 58 and she's always been healthy, but over the past year she's been bothered by shaking and trembling in her hands, particularly when she's pouring tea or eating dinner. Her doctor gave her a blood pressure pill, but she's never had high blood pressure. Does she have Parkinson's? Should I take her to a specialist? Simon, H. B. (2002), Harv Mens Health Watch 6(7): 8. |
| On changes in blood pressure caused by an alternating-current high-pressure static electric charge. Kawakami, Y., Y. Saito, et al. (1963), Showa Igakkai Zasshi 23: 67-8. |
| On the behavior of the blood pressure to exposure to high altitude of 2320 m and 3457 m above sea level. (Studies on female and male normal persons as well as on endurance athletes with ergometer work in horizontal and sitting position using the steady state method) Weidemann, H., H. Roskamm, et al. (1968), Schweiz Z Sportmed 16(1): 16-22. |
| On the effects of aldosterone antagonists on high blood pressure. Bracharz, H., H. Laas, et al. (1962), Med Klin 57: 233-8. |
| On the high division of the brachial artery in the distan branches and blood pressure in them Vil'khovoi, V. F. and R. Krasnyi (1966), Klin Khir 12: 18-20. |
| On the metabolism of the heart in high performance athletes. II. Oxygen and carbon dioxide pressure, pH, standard bicarbonate and base excess in coronary venous blood during rest and after exertion Doll, E., J. Keul, et al. (1966), Z Kreislaufforsch 55(3): 248-62. |
| On vascular lesions in rats with high blood pressure due to desoxycorticosterone acetate (DCA) overdosage. II. Kidney arterioles wall to lumen ratio Chapadeiro, E. (1960), Med Exp Int J Exp Med 3: 184-8. |
| Opportunities for nurses in high blood pressure control Grancio, S. D. (1981), Nurs Clin North Am 16(2): 309-20. |
| Optimal blood pressure and high normal blood pressure in La Plata, Argentina Carbajal, H. A. (1994), Can J Cardiol 10(7): 749-52. Abstract: OBJECTIVE: To determine the prevalence of optimal blood pressure (BP) and high normal BP according to the definition of the Joint National Committee (JNC)-V. DESIGN: A population survey was used. BP was measured with mercury sphygmomanometers using the auscultatory method. BP was obtained as the average of two BP readings on a single occasion. SETTING: Population, ages 15 to 75, living in La Plata. PARTICIPANTS: For sampling purposes, census areas were taken as units chosen randomly with proportional probability to the number of houses. Six thousand three hundred and eighty-six inhabitants were screened in these census areas. Individuals were screened who were not under hypertensive treatment; had BP less than 120/80 mmHg (optimal BP); and systolic BP between 130 and 139 mmHg and/or diastolic BP between 85 and 89 mmHg (high normal BP). RESULTS: The prevalence of optimal BP was 32%. It was higher in women (39%) than in men (21%) (P < 0.0005) and decreased with age in both sexes. The prevalence of high normal BP was 18%. It was higher in men (24%) than in women (14%) (P < 0.0005). CONCLUSIONS: Due to the low prevalence of optimal BP and the high prevalence of high normal BP, the population of La Plata has a high cardiovascular risk. Studies of primary prevention of hypertension have shown that some changes in life style are effective in lowering not only the BP but also the incidence of hypertension. |
| Oral contraceptives and high blood pressure Stokes, G. S. (1971), Aust N Z J Med 1(1): 99-101. |
| Oral contraceptives and high blood pressure: a review Fregly, M. J. and M. S. Fregly (1977), J Fla Med Assoc 64(2): 84-91. |
| Oral contraceptives. Renin, aldosterone, and high blood pressure Laragh, J. H., J. E. Sealey, et al. (1967), Jama 201(12): 918-22. |
| Oral dosing with ketanserin to control high blood pressure in the elderly van Oene, J. C. (1990), Cardiovasc Drugs Ther 4 Suppl 1: 111-4. Abstract: Ketanserin is the prototype of a new class of antihypertensive drugs based on a selective blockade of serotonin S2 receptors. A number of controlled trials have indicated that ketanserin is more effective in older than in younger subjects and that, in the elderly, ketanserin may be even more effective than other antihypertensive drugs. We set up a large multicenter trial to compare the two most common dosages of ketanserin (20 mg and 40 mg twice daily) in patients of 60 years of age and over. In these patients, blood pressures were elevated systolically (SBP greater than or equal to 160 mmHg), diastolically (DBP greater than or equal to 95 mmHg), or both, and any existing antihypertensive medication was continued at a constant dosage. The total duration of the trial was 3 months and monthly control visits were held. Throughout the Netherlands, 252 general practitioners participated in the trial, which included 462 evaluable patients. After 1 month of open treatment with 20 mg ketanserin twice daily, blood pressure was found to be fully normalized in 18% of patients, while the proportion of patients with both systolic and diastolic hypertension was reduced from 89% to 50%. In three out of four patients, an adequate and maximal fall in blood pressure was reached only after 2-3 months of treatment. In such patients, raising the ketanserin dose from 20 mg to 40 mg twice daily did not result in any faster or improved antihypertensive response. A number of symptoms related to peripheral circulatory disturbances, or possibly to hypertension itself, markedly improved during oral treatment with ketanserin. |
| Organ blood flow during high-frequency ventilation at low and high airway pressure in dogs Gioia, F. R., A. P. Harris, et al. (1986), Anesthesiology 65(1): 50-5. Abstract: Using the radiolabeled microsphere technique, the authors studied hemodynamic variables and regional blood flow to multiple peripheral organs during conventional positive-pressure ventilation (CV) and high-frequency ventilation (HFV) at low and high mean airway pressure (Paw). Twenty supine anesthetized, paralyzed dogs were ventilated using CV (14-16 breaths/min) and HFV (rate = 10 Hz) in random order. In the first group (low Paw, n = 10), Paw was maintained at 3 cmH2O during CV and HFV. In the second group (high Paw, n = 10), Paw was increased to 13 cmH2O during CV and HFV. Pulmonary capillary wedge pressure and right atrial pressure remained constant during low and high Paw trials. No differences in heart rate, systemic arterial pressure, intracranial pressure, or cardiac output were noted during CV and HFV within the low and high Paw groups. In addition, blood flow to multiple peripheral organs during CV and HFV remained constant within each Paw group, except for a small decrease in cerebellar blood flow during HFV at high Paw trials showed a significant decrease in hepatic arterial and outer kidney cortical flow at high Paw. Total cerebral blood flow was decreased at high Paw, as were regional flows to diencephalon, midbrain, pons, medulla, and cerebellum. However, these differences were not attributable to differences in cerebral perfusion pressure or intracranial pressure, and cerebral oxygen delivery was not different between high Paw and low Paw groups. It is concluded that under conditions of similar Paw in anesthetized dogs, HFV does not significantly alter hemodynamic patterns or regional circulation relative to CV. |
| Organized work in control and treatment of high blood pressure Zigic, D. (1975), Nar Zdrav 31(7-8): 206-7. |
| Origins of the NHLBI program on high blood pressure in the young Havlik, R. J. and M. Feinleib (1980), Hypertension 2(4 Pt 2): I1. |
| Orthostatic hypotension in the Seventh Report of the Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure: which version is right? Vara-Gonzalez, L. A. and P. M. Cacho (2004), Hypertension 43(4): e27; author reply e27. |
| Ouabain--a link in the genesis of high blood pressure? Ruegg, U. T. (1992), Experientia 48(11-12): 1102-6. Abstract: Hypertension or high blood pressure is a risk factor that increases risk of myocardial infarction, renal failure or cerebral stroke. The pathogenesis of hypertension is due to a variety of causes, including inherited predisposition, dietary habits, especially salt intake, smoking, and also 'general lifestyle'. But for the scientist interested in the complex interplay of physiological and molecular factors, the actual causes of high blood pressure remain uninvestigated. The following article is concerned with new reports that ouabain, a plant derivative, occurs in human beings, in whom it appears to have a hormonal function; ouabain may even play a key role in the pathogenesis of hypertension. We are thus brought a step closer to the background of cardiovascular disease; we may also be afforded a lead to a new therapeutic principle. |
| Over four million California adults age 45 and older have high blood pressure Mendez-Luck, C. A., H. Yu, et al. (2004), Policy Brief UCLA Cent Health Policy Res(PB2004-7): 1-8. Abstract: Nearly 40% of California adults age 45 and older reported being diagnosed with high blood pressure, according to the 2001 California Health Interview Survey (CHIS 2001). High blood pressure, also called hypertension, is known as "the silent killer" because it often has no symptoms. If left unchecked and untreated, uncontrolled high blood pressure can lead to heart failure, kidney failure, heart attack and stroke. This policy brief provides data of diagnosed high blood pressure rates for California legislative districts and counties for adults age 45 and older. The first of its kind subcounty data in this policy brief are estimates created by a small-area methodology, based on rates from CHIS 2001 that are applied to population data from the 2000 Census and 2002 California Department of Finance. |
| Overestimation of the number of individuals with hypertension who are eligible for treatment according to the Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure Klungel, O. H., A. de Boer, et al. (2000), Arch Intern Med 160(10): 1540. |
| Oxygen pressure and oxygen consumption in coronary venous blood as well as the changes of the arterio-coronary venous O2 content difference and the coronary circulation with high doses of 2,6-(diethanolamino)-4,-8-dipiperidinopyrimido -(5,4-d) pyrimidine (Persantin) Doll, E., J. Keul, et al. (1966), Z Kreislaufforsch 55(10): 1076-97. |
| Paradoxical survival of elderly men with high blood pressure Langer, R. D., T. G. Ganiats, et al. (1989), Bmj 298(6684): 1356-7. |
| Parathyroid cross-transplantation and development of high blood pressure in rats Pernot, F., C. Burkhard, et al. (1994), J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 23 Suppl 2: S18-22. Abstract: To clarify further the relationships between parathyroid glands and the development of hypertension, we studied the effect of cross-transplantation of these glands from young hypertensive rats in normotensive recipients. The parathyroid glands were isolated in 5-week-old hypertensive rats of the Lyon (male and female) and Milan (only male) strains and immediately grafted into the corresponding, just parathyroidectomized normotensive rats of the same age. Control rats were either sham-operated or grafted with the glands of the same normotensive strain. Plasma calcium concentration immediately decreased after parathyroidectomy (PTX) and returned to near normal values 3 weeks after the graft. Systolic blood pressure increased slightly, but significantly, in normotensive animals grafted with hypertensive glands compared with that in normotensive control rats (mean increase, +9 mm Hg in males; +5 mm Hg in females). In conclusion, parathyroid gland transplantation from the hypertensive strain is able to chronically enhance blood pressure in the normotensive animal. The parathyroid hypertensive factor recently described may be implicated in these two hypertensive strains. Our data extend observations obtained previously in SHRs and stroke-prone SHRs and add further evidence for a major function of parathyroid glands in experimental hypertension. |
| Paroxysmal catecholamine-induced high blood pressure without pheochromocytoma Fiehring, H., H. Schanzenbach, et al. (1967), Verh Dtsch Ges Kreislaufforsch 33: 202-6. |